GS Paper - 2

8th Session of the International Solar Alliance(ISA)

30-10-2025

For Prelims: International Solar Alliance ,  Small Island Developing States, Building-Integrated Photovoltaics, PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana

For Mains: India’s renewable energy transition, Role of the International Solar Alliance in promoting South–South cooperation for energy transition.

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

President Droupadi Murmu addressed the 8th Session of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly in New Delhi, urging the Global South to lead an inclusive solar revolution and reaffirming India’s commitment to a solar-powered world.

What are the Key Highlights of the 8th Session of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly?

ISA Reports on Global Solar Trends

What is the International Solar Alliance (ISA)?

How is India Leading the Solar Energy Transition?

What are the Challenges and Opportunities for India’s Solar  Energy Development?

Aspect

Challenges

Opportunities

Import Dependence

India relies on China for over 50% of its solar cells and modules, and its high dependence on critical minerals creates supply chain and energy security risks.

Boost local manufacturing through the PLI scheme and mineral recycling to cut import dependence.




Employment

Job creation limited by import-heavy value chains.

Scaling domestic production can expand green employment.

Land Use Conflicts

Solar projects require vast tracts of land, often competing with agriculture and biodiversity.

Promote agrivoltaics (dual land use) and floating solar projects like Omkareshwar (600 MW) to minimise trade-offs.

Grid and Storage Deficits

Transmission losses and costly storage systems hinder solar integration.

Invest in smart grids, National Logistics Policy, and hybrid (solar-hydro-battery) models for stability.

Manufacturing Gaps

Weak R&D and lack of infrastructure for upstream components (polysilicon, wafers).

Develop full solar manufacturing ecosystem and incentivise research in perovskite & next-gen PV tech.

Solar Waste Management

Lack of recycling norms poses future environmental hazards.

Implement solar recycling guidelines and develop circular economy models (e.g., SUNRISE network).

Energy Demand Growth

Energy demand is projected to reach 73 exajoules by 2050, increasing fossil dependence if unmet.

Scaling solar under schemes like PM-KUSUM, Solar Parks, and ISA cooperation can meet rising demand sustainably.

Conclusion

Guided by the founding vision of “One World, One Sun, One Grid,” India reaffirmed its commitment to ISA’s leadership in advancing global solar cooperation, sustainable innovation, and inclusive energy access.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Critically examine the role of the International Solar Alliance in promoting South–South cooperation for energy transition.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the International Solar Alliance (ISA)?

ISA is a global alliance launched by India and France in 2015  to promote solar energy adoption; it has 125 member and signatory countries and is headquartered in India.

2. What is SUNRISE and why is it important?

SUNRISE (Solar Upcycling Network for Recycling, Innovation & Stakeholder Engagement) is an ISA initiative to develop solar recycling and circularity, reduce end-of-life waste and generate green jobs across the solar value chain.

3. What does One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) aim to achieve?

OSOWOG seeks regional solar interconnections across Asia, Middle East, Europe and Africa to enable cross-border clean power exchange and enhance energy security.

4. Which flagship Indian schemes are being shared internationally via ISA?

India’s people-centric programmes PM-Surya Ghar (rooftop solar) and PM-KUSUM (solarisation of pumps and decentralised systems) are being promoted as replicable models for Africa and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015.
  2. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. India has immense potential for solar energy though there are regional variations in its developments. Elaborate. (2020)



PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM)

30-10-2025

Source:PIB

Why in News?

The Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission  ) was launched in October 2021 to address the gaps in India’s healthcare system exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic and to enhance preparedness for future health crises.

What is PM-ABHIM?

What are India’s Various Health Care Initiatives?

WHO’s Global Pandemic Agreement 

Conclusion

Four years after its launch, the PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission has transformed India’s health landscape by investing in pandemic preparedness, infrastructure modernisation, and disease surveillance. PM-ABHIM serves as a cornerstone of the country’s efforts to build a safer, healthier, and more equitable future for all citizens.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss how the PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) enhances India’s health resilience and complements existing national health programs

Frequently Asked Questions

Q. When was PM-ABHIM launched?
It was launched in October 2021 with an allocation of ₹64,180 crore for implementation during 2021–2026.

Q. What is the main objective of the PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM)?
To strengthen India’s public health infrastructure, improve disease surveillance, and ensure equitable access to affordable, quality healthcare at all levels.

Q. How does PM-ABHIM complement other health initiatives?
It complements the National Health Mission and Ayushman Bharat by focusing on infrastructure, research, and pandemic preparedness across rural and urban areas.

Q. What are the major components under PM-ABHIM?
Key components include Ayushman Arogya Mandirs, Block Public Health Units, Integrated Public Health Labs, Critical Care Blocks, and IT-enabled disease surveillance systems

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of ‘ASHA’, a trained community health worker? (2012)

  1. Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkup
  2. Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
  3. Providing information on nutrition and immunization.
  4. Conducting the delivery of baby

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. The public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? (2015)



Indi and Puliyankudi Limes

30-10-2025

Source: PIB

Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has facilitated the first-ever air shipment of GI-tagged Indi Lime (Karnataka) and Puliyankudi Lime (Tamil Nadu) to the United Kingdom.

Indi Lime (Vijayapura)

Puliyankudi Lime

Read More: India's Geographical Indication Landscape


World Food India 2025

30-09-2025

For Prelims: Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry , Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India ,  National Agriculture Market 

For Mains: Food Security and Value Addition, Food processing as an engine for rural employment and MSME growth.

Source: PIB

Why in News?

World Food India 2025, India’s flagship food processing event, aims to position India as a ‘Global Food Hub’. The event concluded with the signing of Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) worth over Rs 1 lakh crore, highlighting investments, innovations, and employment generation across multiple states.

World Food India

World _Food_India World _Food_India_2025

What is the Landscape of the Food Processing Sector in India?

What are the Opportunities and Challenges in the Food Processing Sector in India?

                   Opportunities

          Challenges

  • Expanding Market: The food processing sector is growing rapidly, valued at USD 336 billion in 2023 and projected to double by 2032. 
    • This expansion creates jobs, adds value to agriculture, and strengthens India’s GDP.
  • Infrastructure Gaps and Post-Harvest Losses: India lacks adequate cold chains, storage, and transport facilities, leading to nearly 30% food wastage and annual post-harvest losses of around Rs. 90,000 crore.
  • Urbanisation: Rising urban population and busier lifestyles are pushing demand for ready-to-eat, packaged, and convenience foods, expected to cross Rs. 12 lakh crore by 2025. This opens scope for product diversification and new brands.
  • Technology and Finance Barriers for SMEs: Small and medium enterprises struggle with high costs of modern machinery and limited access to credit. 
    • This reduces their productivity and weakens competitiveness against large firms.
  • Health, Wellness, and Organic Foods: Sustainability is driving demand for organic and plant-based products. The organic market is projected to reach Rs. 75,000 crore by 2025, with consumers increasingly willing to pay a premium.
  • Health, Wellness, and Organic Foods: Sustainability is driving demand for organic and plant-based products. The organic market is projected to reach Rs. 75,000 crore by 2025, with consumers increasingly willing to pay a premium.
  • Technology and Innovation: Adoption of automation, AI, robotics, and smart packaging is transforming efficiency and quality. 
    • The Indian food tech market is expected to touch USD 30 billion by 2024, boosting competitiveness globally.
  • Technology and Innovation: Adoption of automation, AI, robotics, and smart packaging is transforming efficiency and quality. 
    • The Indian food tech market is expected to touch USD 30 billion by 2024, boosting competitiveness globally.
  • MSMEs and Rural Employment: With 63 million MSMEs contributing to 30% of GDP, schemes like PMFME promote local entrepreneurship. 
    • This helps farmers move up the value chain and supports rural livelihoods.
  • MSMEs and Rural Employment: With 63 million MSMEs contributing to 30% of GDP, schemes like PMFME promote local entrepreneurship. 
    • This helps farmers move up the value chain and supports rural livelihoods.

What Measures can Strengthen India’s Food Processing Sector?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  The Indian food processing sector is expanding rapidly, yet its share in global processed food exports remains low. Analyse the reasons and suggest policy measures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is World Food India (WFI) 2025?

Ans: It is MoFPI’s flagship event to project India as a Global Food Hub, attracting ₹1 lakh+ crore investments and showcasing farm-to-fork linkages.

2. Why is the food processing sector significant for India?

Ans: It ensures food security, value addition, rural employment, MSME growth, and boosts exports (USD 49.4 bn in 2024–25).

3. Which key government schemes promote food processing?

Ans: PLISFPI, PLISMBP, PMKSY, PMFME, 100% FDI in food processing, and Mega Food Parks.

4. What are the main challenges in India’s food processing industry?

Ans: Post-harvest losses (~₹90,000 crore), infrastructure gaps, credit barriers for SMEs, and low global competitiveness.

5. What measures can strengthen the sector?

Ans: Cluster-based zones, tech-driven supply chains (AI, IoT, blockchain), credit reforms, Codex-aligned quality standards, single-window clearances, and R&D boost.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With what purpose is the Government of India promoting the concept of “Mega Food Parks”? (2011)

  1. To provide good infrastructure facilities for the food processing industry.
  2. To increase the processing of perishable items and reduce wastage.
  3. To provide emerging and eco-friendly food processing technologies to entrepreneurs.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. What are the challenges and opportunities of the food processing sector in the country? How can the income of the farmers be substantially increased by encouraging food processing? (2020)

Q.What are the reasons for the poor acceptance of a cost-effective small processing unit? How can the food processing unit be helpful to uplift the socioeconomic status of poor farmers? (2017)



Crowd Management in India

30-09-2025

For Prelims: Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, NDMA, Disaster Management Act, 2005.                              

For Mains: Disaster management strategies for stampedes, NDMA guidelines, challenges and way forward.

Source: IE 

Why in News?

A campaign rally for a Tamil actor-turned-politician in Karur, Tamil Nadu turned tragic, resulting in multiple deaths and injuries.

What is a Stampede?

What are the Key Causes and Impact of Stampedes in India?

Causes

Impacts

Immediate Triggers (rumors, sudden obstructions)

Stampedes result in sudden fatalities, severe injuries, and psychological trauma, while also generating grief and anger.

Systemic Failures (underestimating crowd size, poor crowd control, lack of preparedness)

These failures erode public trust in authorities, invite repeated scrutiny of safety protocols, and make it harder to implement sustainable reforms.

Behavioral Factors (panic spread, disregard for norms, star power, political influence)

Behavioral triggers cause uncontrolled crowd movement leading to trampling deaths, spark social unrest, and stigmatize mass gatherings or festivals.

Poor Infrastructure (narrow paths, blocked exits, slippery floors)

Increases the risk of falls and chain-reaction stampedes, causes critical injuries, and leads to economic losses as public participation in events declines.

Fatal Stampede Incidence in India

What are the Key Recommendations of NDMA for Crowd Management?

Global Best Practices in Crowd Management

How can Stampedes be Prevented in India?

Conclusion

Stampedes in India are caused by a mix of triggers, systemic failures, behavioral factors, and poor infrastructure, resulting in high human, social, and economic costs. Effective prevention requires NDMA-compliant planning, crowd management, technology use, public awareness, and accountability frameworks to safeguard lives and ensure safer mass gatherings.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Analyze the systemic and behavioral factors responsible for stampedes and suggest a multi-pronged strategy for ensuring safety at large public gatherings.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is a stampede?

Ans: A stampede is a sudden, uncontrolled rush of people, often triggered by panic, fear, causing compressive asphyxia, hypoxia, and multiple deaths.

What are the main causes of stampedes in India?

Ans: Stampedes arise from immediate triggers, systemic failures, behavioral factors  and poor infrastructure.

What are some global best practices in crowd management?

Ans: Countries like Saudi Arabia, UK, South Korea, and Japan use crowd simulations, AI CCTV monitoring, timed tickets, staggered entry, and multiple exits for safe mass gatherings.

What strategies can India adopt to prevent stampedes?

Ans: India can implement ICT-based crowd monitoring (AI, drones, Wi-Fi heat maps), manage human behavior, build a culture of safety, and strengthen accountability through legislation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains 

Q. Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (2020)



Provincial Citizenship

30-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The term “provincial citizenship” is gaining traction in academic and policy debates, especially in light of domicile policies in States like Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), and Assam.

Its ascendancy signals a shift toward more exclusionary, nativist politics that may contest the constitutional ideal of a singular, equal Indian citizenship.

What is Provincial Citizenship?

Aspect

National Citizenship

Provincial Citizenship

Legal Status

Constitutionally defined under Articles 5–11

Not legally recognized; a political and social construct

Governing Law

Citizenship Act, 1955

No formal law; based on State-level political practices

Scope

Applies uniformly across India

Applies within specific States

Rights Guaranteed

Equal rights to reside, work, and access public services

Prioritizes locals; may restrict access for internal migrants

Constitutional Backing

Supported by fundamental rights (Art. 14, 15, 16, 19)

Often contradicts fundamental rights.

Basis of Identity

Indian nationality

State-level identity (e.g., local, native, son of the soil)

Federalism Impact

Strengthens integration through uniform citizenship

Boosts State autonomy, but strains Centre-State balance

Citizenship

What are the Concerns Associated with Provincial Citizenship in India?

What Reforms are Needed to Balance State Autonomy with National Citizenship?

Conclusion

Provincial citizenship may serve local insecurities but risks fragmenting India’s unity, equality, and fraternity. Guided by the Constitution and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), India must reaffirm the principle of one nation, one citizenship, protecting diversity while ensuring inclusivity for all citizens, regardless of where they come from.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Evaluate the concept of provincial citizenship in India and discuss its implications for national unity and equality under the Constitution.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Provincial Citizenship?

Ans: It is an unofficial, politically constructed notion of belonging to a specific Indian state. It emerges from nativist politics, tied to the idea of being “native,” “indigenous,” “local,” or “son of the soil.”

How does Provincial Citizenship differ from National Citizenship in India?

Ans: National Citizenship is constitutionally guaranteed under Articles 5–11 with uniform rights across India, while Provincial Citizenship is an unofficial, domicile-based construct privileging locals within States.

Which Constitutional provisions are violated by domicile-based policies?

Ans: Domicile rules often conflict with Articles 14, 15, 16, and 19, which guarantee equality, non-discrimination, equal employment opportunities, and freedom of movement.

Why are States increasingly adopting Provincial Citizenship policies?

Ans: Driven by economic competition for jobs, cultural anxieties over migration, and a lack of central law on domicile, States use it as a tool for nativist and electoral politics.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. There is only one citizenship and one domicile.
  2. A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.
  3. A foreigner once granted citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3

Ans: (a)



SC Calls for Regulating Social Media

30-08-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India, Social media, Information Technology Act, 2000, Section 69A of the IT Act, 2000, Section 79(1) of the IT Act, 2000, Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), Article 21

For Mains: Regulation of Social Media in India, Impacts of Social Media on Different Sections of Society.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Supreme Court (SC), while hearing a case against comedians for derogatory remarks, observed that social media influencers commercialise free speech, cautioning that such content can harm the dignity of vulnerable groups and urging the government to frame effective guidelines to balance free speech with societal sensitivities.

Key Observations & Recommendations of SC

What are the Key Regulations Governing Social Media Usage in India?

Key Legislations:

Key Judicial Pronouncements:

Why is there a Need for Regulating Social Media?

What are the Key Challenges in Regulating Social Media in India?

What Measures Can be Taken to Improve the Credibility and Utility of Social Media in India?

Conclusion

Regulating social media is essential to balance freedom of expression with the dignity and rights of vulnerable groups. A combination of robust legal frameworks, technological solutions, digital literacy, and ethical practices can ensure accountability, curb misinformation, and foster a safe, inclusive, and credible online ecosystem.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the challenges in regulating social media platforms in India, considering the balance between freedom of expression, privacy concerns, and the need for accountability.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question: 

Mains

Q. What are social networking sites and what security implications do these sites present? (2013)

Q. Child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones. Discuss its impact on the socialization of children. (2023) 



Civil Society Organizations in India

30-08-2025

For Prelims: Civil Society Organizations, Brahmo Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Chipko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA)

For Mains: Role of Civil Society in strengthening democracy in India, Challenges faced by CSOs and their impact on governance

Source:TH

Why in News? 

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) have once again come into focus for its role in mobilising communities, protecting rights, and filling gaps in governance. Beyond the state and markets, it drives collective action, ensures citizen participation, and strengthens democracy in India.

What is a Civil Society Organization?

Types_of_ Civil Society Organization

Regulatory Framework for Civil Society in India

What is the Role of Civil Society in a  Democracy?

What are the Challenges of Civil Society in a Democracy?

What Measures can be Adopted to Enhance the Role of CSO?

Conclusion

Civil society remains the heartbeat of participatory democracy, bridging gaps between the state and citizens. Strengthening CSOs is not just about governance, it is about empowering society to shape its own future. A vibrant civil society is the true measure of a resilient democracy.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the evolving role of Civil Society Organizations in India and their contribution to participatory democracy.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains

Q. Discuss the contribution of civil society groups for women's effective and meaningful participation and representation in state legislatures in India. (2023)

Q. How can the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating to protection of the environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints. (2015)

Q. Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976. (2015)

Q. Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen? Discuss the challenges of this alternative model. (2021)

Q. In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collaboration between government, NGOs and private sector would be most productive? (2024)



Samudrayaan Project

30-08-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

Two Indian aquanauts dived into the Atlantic Ocean aboard France’s submersible Nautile as part of preparations for the Samudrayaan Project.

What is the Samudrayaan Project?

Matsya-6000

What is the Deep Ocean Mission?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q: With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (UPSC Prelims 2022)

  1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
  2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
  3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)


Q: Consider the following statements: ( 2021)

  1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
  2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters.
  3. “Rare earth minerals’ are present on the seafloor in international waters.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)



India Hosts 2nd BIMSTEC Ports Conclave

30-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

India hosted the 2nd BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) Ports Conclave in Visakhapatnam, to strengthen maritime connectivity, and sustainable development in the region.

BIMSTEC Ports Conclave 

What are the Key Outcomes of 2nd BIMSTEC Ports Conclave? 

What is BIMSTEC? 

BIMSTEC

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements in respect of BIMSTEC: (2025)

I. It is a regional organization consisting of seven member States till January 2025. 

II. It came into existence with the signing of the Dhaka Declaration, 1999. 

III. Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Nepal are founding member States of BIMSTEC.  

IV. In BIMSTEC, the subsector of 'tourism' is being led by India. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

A. I and II    

B. II and III  

C. I and IV     

D. I only  

Ans: (D)




China’s Mega Dam on Brahmaputra

30-07-2025

Prelims: Yarlung Zangbo River, River Ganga, Brahmaputra River. 

Mains: India-China Relations, China’s Megadam Project on Brahmaputra, Concerns over China’s Building New Dam in Tibet.. 

Source: HT 

Why in News? 

China is building a 60,000 MW hydropower project on the Yarlung Zangbo River (known as the Brahmaputra in India and Jamuna in Bangladesh) in Tibet, near Gelling in Arunachal Pradesh 

China’s Mega Dam on Brahmaputra

What are the Key Concerns of India over China’s Mega-Dam on Brahmaputra? 

What is India’s Response on China’s Construction of Dams on Brahmaputra? 

What Measures can India take to Address Risk from China’s Brahmaputra Dams? 

The Key Facts Related to Brahmaputra River System 

Brahmaputra 

Read More: Transboundary Rivers of India  

Read More: Hydro Electric Projects in Brahmaputra Basin (India)

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.  
  2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.  
  3. River Teesta flows into Bay of Bengal on the border of India and Bangladesh.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only  
(b) 2 only  
(c) 2 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)


Mains:

Q. “China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia”. In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. (2017)



India–South Africa Submarine Cooperation Agreements

30-06-2025

Source: IE 

India and South Africa signed two agreements on submarine cooperation during the 9th Joint Defence Committee (JDC) meeting held in Johannesburg. 

India-South Africa Joint Defence Committee (JDC) 

South Africa 

India’s Initiatives to Support Africa 

South_Africa

India-Africa_Key_Facts

Read More: Evolving India-Africa Partnership 




Tech-Driven Multilingual Inclusion in India

29-10-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India is advancing toward digital multilingual inclusion by leveraging advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and machine learning.

How is India Integrating Technology with Language Preservation and Digital Inclusion?

What are the National and Institutional Initiatives Supporting Language Preservation and Digital Inclusion?

What is the Broader Impact of Technology-Led Multilingual Platforms?

Conclusion

India’s language preservation efforts are driven by cutting-edge technologies to keep its linguistic heritage vibrant and accessible. Platforms like Bhashini, and BharatGen safeguard cultural diversity while driving inclusive digital growth and global leadership in multilingual innovation.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the role of technology in preserving India’s endangered and tribal languages.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Bhashini?
Bhashini is an AI-driven multilingual translation platform under the National Language Translation Mission (NLTM), implemented by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

2. Which platform focuses on AI-based preservation of tribal languages?
Adi-Vaani, launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, is India’s first AI-driven platform for real-time translation and preservation of tribal languages like Santali, Bhili, and Gondi.

3. What is the role of BharatGen in India’s multilingual ecosystem?
BharatGen develops text-to-text and text-to-speech AI translation models for 22 Scheduled Languages, enhancing accessibility in governance, education, and healthcare.

4. How do initiatives like Anuvadini and e-KUMBH support NEP 2020?
Anuvadini translates technical books into Indian languages, while e-KUMBH provides free multilingual access to educational materials—supporting NEP 2020’s goal of education in the mother tongue.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2021)

1. 21st February is declared to be the International Mother Language Day by UNICEF. 

2. The demand that Bangla has to be one of the national languages was raised in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 

Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)

Q. Consider the following languages: (2014)

  1. Gujarati 
  2. Kannada
  3. Telugu

Which of the above has/have been declared as ‘Classical Language/Languages’ by the Government? 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)



22nd ASEAN-India Summit

29-10-2025

Source: IE

For Prelims: Indo-Pacific region, ASEAN, Act East Policy, Free Trade Agreement, Strategic Partnership to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership 

For Mains: Areas of Cooperation Between India and ASEAN, Significance of the Indo-Pacific Region for India, Key Issues Hindering India's Active Engagements in the Indo-Pacific

Why in News?

The  22nd ASEAN–India Summit, held in Kuala Lumpur, saw India declare 2026 as the ASEAN-India Year of Maritime Cooperation and marked a major step forward with the adoption of the ASEAN-India Plan of Action (2026–2030) under the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP).

What are the Key Highlights of the ASEAN-India Summit 2025?

Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)

Timor-Leste Becomes the 11th Member of ASEAN

What are the Strategic Significance of India-ASEAN Relations?

Conclusion

The 22nd ASEAN-India Summit reaffirmed the deepening of strategic, economic, and maritime ties under the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. With the declaration of 2026 as the Year of Maritime Cooperation and the adoption of the Plan of Action (2026–2030), India and ASEAN have outlined a clear roadmap for collaboration in connectivity, security, digital innovation, and sustainable development.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss how India can leverage its partnership with ASEAN to enhance its strategic and economic leadership in the Indo-Pacific region

Frequently Asked Questions

Q. What was the key focus of the 22nd ASEAN–India Summit held in 2025?
The summit focused on strengthening ASEAN–India ties through enhanced connectivity, maritime cooperation, sustainable development, and deepening collaboration in technology, energy, and education.

Q. Which country is the 11th member of ASEAN?
Timor-Leste became ASEAN’s 11th member in 2025, marking the bloc’s first expansion since 1999. 

Q. How is India enhancing its engagement with ASEAN in new domains?
India plans to expand cooperation in digital payments, semiconductors, renewable energy, critical minerals, and blue economy initiatives while promoting resilient regional supply chains.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to “Look East Policy” of India, consider the following statements: (2011)  

1. India wants to establish itself as an important regional player in East Asian affairs.  

2. India wants to plug the vacuum created by the termination of the Cold War.  

3. India wants to restore the historical and cultural ties with its neighbors in Southeast and East Asia.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only   

(b) 1 and 3 only     

(c) 3 only     

(d) 1, 2 and 3   

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q1. The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (2021) 



United Nations Convention against Cybercrime

29-10-2025

For Prelims: Cybercrime, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, National Crime Records Bureau

For Mains: International law and cyber governance, Transnational cybercrime

Source:IE

Why in News? 

The United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (UNCC), the world’s first global framework to tackle cybercrime, moved closer to becoming legally binding after 72 of 193 UN member states signed the treaty.

Note: The Convention was opened for signature in Hanoi, Vietnam in October 2025, where 72 countries signed it during the high-level conference. It will enter into force 90 days after 40 countries ratify or accede to it.

What is the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (UNCC)?

What is Cybercrime and Cybersecurity?

Cybercrime

Cybersecurity

What are the Challenges and Opportunities for India Under the UN Cybercrime Convention?

Challenges

Opportunities

Conclusion

The UN Cybercrime Treaty marks a major step in global cybersecurity governance, aiming to ensure no country is left defenceless against cybercrime but it also raises critical questions about privacy, human rights, and digital sovereignty.
For India, the challenge lies in adopting a framework that strengthens cyber resilience without compromising individual freedoms.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the objectives and key provisions of the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (UNCC).

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is the UN Cybercrime Convention (UNCC)?
    The UNCC is the first global treaty on cybercrime, adopted by the UNGA in December 2024 to harmonise laws, enable cross-border electronic evidence sharing, and strengthen cooperation and capacity building.
  2. Has India signed the UNCC?
    No, as of October 2025 India did not sign the treaty, citing privacy, data sovereignty and governance concerns despite having participated in drafting.
  3. What are the main cyber threats facing India today?
    Rising cybercrime — including fraud, extortion and sexual exploitation — with a 31.2% increase in cases in 2023 (NCRB), plus large cross-border financial frauds costing billions of rupees.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (b)

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)

  1. Service providers
  2. Data centres
  3. Body corporate

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



Ladakh's Protest for Sixth Schedule Status

29-09-2025

For Prelims: Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, Scheduled Tribes, Autonomous District Councils 

For Mains: Sixth Schedule and tribal autonomy in India, Governance challenges in autonomous councils

Source:IE

Why in News? 

Ladakh has witnessed renewed protests demanding statehood and Sixth Schedule status, highlighting discontent among its predominantly tribal population over the lack of constitutional safeguards since its reorganization as a Union Territory in 2019.

What is the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution?

Why does Ladakh Demand Sixth Schedule Status?

What are the Challenges in Granting Sixth Schedule Status to Ladakh?

Government Alternative Measures in Response to Local Demands

How can Ladakh Balance Autonomy While Preserving its Culture and Ensuring Security?

Conclusion

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Discuss the challenges and opportunities in extending Sixth Schedule protections to Ladakh.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India have a bearing on Education? (2012)

1. Directive Principles of State Policy

2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies

3. Fifth Schedule

4. Sixth Schedule

5. Seventh Schedule

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: D


Mains:

Q. Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (2016)



UN Declares Famine in Gaza

29-08-2025

Source: TH

The United Nations has officially declared a famine in Gaza, marking the first famine in West Asia, with over half a million people facing extreme hunger due to conflict and restricted access to food.

Gaza Strip

Gaza

Read more:  UNSC Resolution: Ceasefire in Gaza



PM SVANidhi 2.0

29-08-2025

Source: PIB

The Union Cabinet has approved the restructuring and extension of the Prime Minister Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme, until 31st March 2030 with an aim to benefit 1.15 crore street vendors, including 50 lakh new beneficiaries.

Read more: PM SVANidhi Scheme



Reclassification of CPSEs

28-10-2025

Source: ET

Why in News?

The Government is planning to revise the classification and performance assessment criteria for Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) by introducing two new ‘Ratna’ categories in addition to the existing Maharatna, Navratna, and Miniratna statuses.

What are the Key Aspects of the CPSEs’ Reclassification?

What are CPSEs? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a CPSE?

A Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) is a company with ≥51% government ownership, incorporated under company law or an Act of Parliament, including its subsidiaries.

2. Who is re-evaluating CPSE classification?

A 10-member committee headed by Cabinet Secretary T.V. Somanathan is reviewing CPSE classification and will submit its report before the Union Budget 2026–27.

3. How does the proposed new 'Ratna' differentiation differ from the existing one?

Unlike the existing categories that depend on financial size and turnover, the new tiers will recognize CPSEs based on their strategic importance to national economic goals in critical sectors.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. With reference to the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

 1. It is a Public Limited Government Company.

 2. It is a Non-Banking Financial Company.

 Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (c)



Internationalisation of Indian Higher Education

28-10-2025

For Prelims: National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, Setting up and Operation of Campuses of Foreign Higher Educational Institutions in India Regulations 2023, Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), Make in India, Digital India, Public-Private Partnerships.                                                     

For Mains: Significant Policy Reforms Driving Transformation in India’s Higher Education Sector, Emerging Prospects and Challenges Linked to the Entry of Foreign Universities in India.

Source: IE

Why in News?

17 foreign universities mainly from the UK and Australia, have received approval to set up campuses in India under UGC’s 2023 regulations. This move aligns with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and comes amid growing demand for quality higher education in India.

How is India Advancing Global Partnership in Higher Education?

What Factors are Driving Foreign Universities to Establish Campuses in India?

What are the Implications of Internationalising India’s Higher Education?

What are the Key Challenges in Setting Up Foreign University Campuses in India, and How can They Be Addressed?

Challenges

Way Forward

Autonomy Challenges: Limited autonomy on fees, curriculum, faculty; complex UGC approvals.

Stable Regulatory Framework: Fast-track single-window clearances; transparent policies on autonomy, taxation, and fund repatriation.

Financial Viability: Balancing affordability with costs; meeting enrollment targets for break-even.

Sustainable Financial Models: Phased investments; public-private partnerships; allow surplus repatriation with reinvestment clauses.

Competition Challenges: Intense competition from IITs/IIMs; student skepticism on degree value.

Strategic Academic Partnerships: Joint degrees, credit transfers; collaborative research on India-specific themes.

Quality Assurance Issues: Attracting top faculty; ensuring no dilution of curriculum/pedagogy standards.

Robust Monitoring & Evaluation: Define success via research, employability, and community impact metrics.

Infrastructure Barriers: Land acquisition, taxation, labour laws, and infrastructure readiness.

Cultural Integration: Adapt curricula to Indian context and values; promote local skills and knowledge economy.

Conclusion

India's framework for foreign universities, driven by NEP 2020 and UGC 2023, aims to transform higher education by enhancing quality, curbing brain drain, and fostering global competitiveness. Success hinges on balancing foreign autonomy with national interest, ensuring affordability, and creating sustainable, mutually beneficial academic partnerships for long-term impact.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine how National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and UGC Regulations 2023 facilitate the internationalisation of higher education in India and assess their policy implications

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the policy framework for foreign universities setting up campuses in India?
NEP 2020 and UGC Regulations 2023 permit top-ranked Foreign Higher Educational Institutions (FHEIs) to establish campuses, promoting internationalisation and quality parity.

2. Which eligibility criterion must foreign universities meet under UGC rules?
FHEIs must be ranked within the top 500 globally (overall or subject-wise) or demonstrate exceptional domain expertise as per UGC assessment.

3. How does the entry of foreign universities align with India's national development goals?
It supports goals like 'Make in India' and 'Digital India' by creating a skilled workforce in high-demand fields, curbing brain drain, and fostering research and innovation within the country.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education? (2012)

  1. Directive Principles of State Policy  
  2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies  
  3. Fifth Schedule  
  4. Sixth Schedule  
  5. Seventh Schedule  

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3, 4 and 5 only  

(c) 1, 2 and 5 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5  

Ans- (d) 


Mains

Q1. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (2021)

Q2. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate on your answer. (2020) 



Women-Led Economic Growth for Viksit Bharat 2047

28-08-2025

For Prelims: Female labor force participation, Gender budgets, Startup India, Namo Drone Didi, MUDRA loans 

For Mains: Women’s Economic Empowerment and Development, Women's Active Participation in India's Economic Transformation, Key Issues Hindering Women Empowerment in India.

Source:PIB

Why in News?

India’s growth story is shifting, with women driving economic rise through higher workforce participation, entrepreneurship, and access to finance. Empowering them is now central to the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.

How Women are Powering India’s Economic Transformation?

Why is Women-Led Development Significant?

What are the Challenges to Women-Led Development in India?

What Measures can India Adopt to Further Mainstream Women in Economic Growth?

Conclusion

Women are becoming the backbone of India’s economy, driving change from rural enterprises to corporate leadership, as Jawaharlal Nehru once said, “The status of a nation can be judged by the condition of its women,” India is progressing toward Viksit Bharat 2047, embodying Nari Shakti.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically examine the role of women-led enterprises and workforce participation in achieving Viksit Bharat 2047. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains

Q.1 “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss. (2019) 

Q.2 Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India? (2015) 

Q.3 Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women’s organizations free from gender bias. Comment. (2013)  




Outlook of Indian Economy

28-07-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Consumer Price Index,  Inflation, Current Account Deficit, Gross fiscal deficit , Foreign Portfolio Investment 

For Mains: State of the Indian economy and macroeconomic indicators, Inflation and fiscal discipline, State finances 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Reserve Bank of India's article titled “State of the Economy” offers a cautiously optimistic view of the Indian economy, amid global and trade-related uncertainties. 

What is India's Present State of the Economy?  

What are the Factors Affecting the Indian Economy at Present? 

Way Forward 

Conclusion 

India needs disciplined, steady, and state-led execution. Balancing welfare with investment, and exports with domestic demand, will be key to turning current challenges into a long-term growth opportunity. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. In the ‘Index of Eight Core Industries’, which one of the following is given the highest weight? (2015)

(a) Coal production  

(b) Electricity generation  

(c) Fertilizer production  

(d) Steel production  

Ans: (b) 

Q. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if: (2018)

(a) Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output.  

(b) Agricultural output fails to keep pace with industrial output  

(c) Poverty and unemployment increase.  

(d) Imports grow faster than exports.  

Ans: (c)  

Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because: (2019)

(a) Poverty rates vary from State to State  

(b) Price levels vary from State to State  

(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State  

(d) Quality of public distribution varies from State to State 

Ans: (b) 


Mains

Q. Do you agree that Indian economy has recently experienced V–shaped recovery? Give reasons in support of their answer. (2021)

Q. Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (2019)

Q. “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (2017)



Promoting Foreign Universities in India

28-06-2025

For Prelims: University Grants Commission, India's higher education sector, National Education Policy 2020, Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), Study in India program 

For Mains: Opportunities & Challenges with the Advent of Foreign Universities in India, Key Reforms Taken in the Indian Higher Education System, Key Issues Associated with India's Higher Education System.  

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The entry of foreign universities into India marks a significant shift in the country’s higher education landscape. Encouraged by the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the UGC (FHEI) Regulations, 2023, this presents both opportunities and challenges for India’s education ecosystem. 

Note 

University Grants Commission (UGC) 

What is Driving the Entry of Foreign Universities into India's Higher Education Sector? 

What are the Benefits for India from Foreign Universities Entering its Higher Education Sector? 

What are the Key Challenges Related to Foreign Universities Campuses in India? 

What are the Key Issues Associated with India's Higher Education System?  

Click Here to Read: Key Issues in India's Higher Education System 

What Measures can be Adopted to Revitalise India’s Higher Education System?  

Click Here to Read: Revitalise India’s Higher Education System 

What Should be the Strategy for Sustainable Collaboration with Foreign Universities in India? 

Conclusion 

The entry of foreign universities holds transformative potential for India’s higher education sector. However, their success will depend on adaptation to local contexts, affordable quality delivery, and collaboration with domestic institutions. With the right regulatory safeguards and visionary policies, this initiative can strengthen India’s position as a global knowledge hub. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the opportunities and challenges associated with foreign universities establishing campuses in India. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education? (2012)

  1. Directive Principles of State Policy  
  2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies  
  3. Fifth Schedule  
  4. Sixth Schedule  
  5. Seventh Schedule  

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3, 4 and 5 only  

(c) 1, 2 and 5 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5  

Ans- (d) 


Mains

Q1. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate on your answer. (2020)  

Q2. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (2021)





RGI Directives on Birth Certificates

28-06-2025

Source: TH 

The Registrar General of India (under the Ministry of Home Affairs) has directed all States to ensure birth certificates are issued within 7 days of registration, preferably before discharging newborns from hospitals, especially in government facilities, which account for over 50% of institutional births in India. 

Read More: Registration of Births and Deaths in India 


Review of Project Elephant

28-06-2025

Source: IE 

The Union Environment Ministry reviewed key initiatives under Project Elephant (1992) , highlighting the completion of Phase-I of the synchronized elephant population estimation in Northeastern states. 

Key Highlights of Project Elephant Review 

Elephants 

 

Read More: Elephant Poaching in Tamil Nadu 


Restoring Fiscal Power for the States

27-10-2025

For Prelims: Goods and Services Tax (GST), GST Compensation Cess, Article 269A, GST Council, Article 275, Finance Commission, Seventh Schedule, Cesses and Surcharges, Centrally Sponsored Schemes.                                                       

For Mains: Key Challenges to Fiscal Federalism in India, especially after GST reforms, and Strategies to Address Them through Cooperative Federalism.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime enters a new phase with restructured tax slabs and the abolition of the GST compensation cess, expected to transfer Rs 2 lakh crore in benefits to consumers and boost demand. 

What are the Key Challenges in Centre-State Fiscal Relations?

How does the Indian Constitution Regulate Central-State Fiscal Relations?

What Measures can be Taken to Restore the Fiscal Autonomy of States?

Conclusion

India's GST reforms boost growth but underscore the need to rebalance fiscal federalism. Restoring state autonomy requires increasing own-source revenues, rationalizing central schemes, and addressing vertical resource imbalances to uphold cooperative federalism.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss the constitutional provisions governing financial relations between the Centre and the States. What measures can be adopted to enhance the fiscal autonomy of States in the spirit of cooperative federalism?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Which part of the Indian Constitution deals with Centre–State financial relations?
Part XII (Articles 264–300A) deals with financial matters, including taxation powers, grants, and borrowing authority between the Centre and States.

2. Which constitutional article establishes the mechanism for sharing GST revenues between the Centre and States?
Article 269A of the Indian Constitution provides that GST on inter-state trade is levied and collected by the Centre and shared based on the recommendations of the GST Council.

3. What constitutional body is responsible for recommending the distribution of tax proceeds between the Union and the States?
The Finance Commission, constituted under Article 280 of the Constitution, is mandated to recommend the distribution of tax proceeds. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Which one of the following in Indian polity is an essential feature that indicates that it is federal in character? (2021)

(a) The independence of judiciary is safeguarded.

(b) The Union Legislature has elected representatives from constituent units.

(c) The Union Cabinet can have elected representatives from regional parties.

(d) The Fundamental Rights are enforceable by Courts of Law.

Ans: (a)

Mains 

Q. How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? (2021) 

Q. The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings. (2015)



Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats

27-09-2025

For Prelims: Digital India, Gram Panchayats, Bhashini, SVAMITVA, BharatNet, Gram Sabha, eGramSwaraj.                              

For Mains: Understanding digital initiatives for Panchayats requires a holistic examination of their necessity, socio-economic impact, benefits, implementation challenges, and the necessary corrective measures.

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) has launched digital reforms for Gram Panchayats, aligned with Digital India and Atmanirbhar Bharat, to promote transparent, efficient, and inclusive rural governance.

What are the Key Digital Initiatives Related to Gram Panchayats?

Digital_Initiatives_in PRIs

How do Digital Initiatives Enhance the Functioning of Panchayats?

What Factors Limit the Effectiveness of Digital Reforms in Panchayati Raj Institutions?

How can Digital Governance Initiatives be Improved at the Panchayat Level?

Conclusion

Digital initiatives are transforming rural governance by improving transparency and efficiency. Focusing on robust infrastructure, continuous capacity building, and inclusive design can bridge the digital divide and empower Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. "Digital tools for Panchayati Raj Institutions promise transformative governance but face significant implementation challenges." Critically examine this statement in the Indian context.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Local self-government can be best explained as an exercise in (2017)

(a) Federalism 

(b) Democratic decentralisation 

(c) Administrative delegation 

(d) Direct democracy 

Ans: (b)


Q. The fundamental object of the Panchayati Raj system is to ensure which among the following? (2015)

  1. People’s participation in development
  2. Political accountability
  3. Democratic decentralization
  4. Financial mobilization

Select the correct answer using the code given below 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only  

(b) 2 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q1. To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (2022) 

Q2. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources can the Panchayats look out for financing developmental projects? (2018)



India’s Vaccination Drive

27-09-2025

For Prelims: Vaccination, Public health Interventions, Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), National Health Family Survey, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), Mission Indradhanush, Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV), Accredited Social Health Activist.

For Mains: India’s Immunization Programme, Challenges and Reform.

Source:TH

 Why in News?

India’s Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP), the world’s largest, vaccinates 2.6 crore infants and 2.9 crore pregnant women annually. 

What is the Status of Immunisation in India?

UIP

Mission Indradhanush

What are the Challenges to Achieving Universal Immunization in India?

What Measures can be Taken to Achieve Universal Immunization in India?

Conclusion

India's Universal Immunization Programme is a global model in public health, showing remarkable progress through strategic campaigns, digital innovations, and international collaborations. Addressing remaining gaps in coverage, vaccine hesitancy, and outreach to underserved populations is essential to maintain and further enhance public health outcomes.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the importance of vaccination for healthcare, particularly in developing countries like India. Also, discuss the measures taken by India to ensure universal immunisation of our population.

UPSC Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. 'Mission Indradhanush' launched by the Government of India pertains to: (2016)

(a) Immunization of children and pregnant women
(b) Construction of smart cities across the country
(c) India's own search for Earth-like planets in outer space
(d) New Educational Policy
Ans: A



WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies

27-09-2025

Source: ET

Why in News?

India is in the process of ratifying the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, positioning itself as a strong voice for sustainable fishing practices and the protection of small-scale fishers. 

What is the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies?

What is India’s Stance on WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies?

What are India’s Initiatives and Schemes to Promote Sustainable Fisheries?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. The terms ‘Agreement on Agriculture’, ‘Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures’ and ‘Peace Clause’ appear in the news frequently in the context of the affairs of the (2015)

(a) Food and Agriculture Organization 

(b) United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change 

(c) World Trade Organization  

(d) United Nations Environment Programme 

Ans: (c)


Mains:

Q. WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in a profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security. (2014)



National Initiative on Water Security

27-09-2025

Source:PIB

The Union Government has launched the National Initiative on Water Security under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005, prioritizing water conservation across rural India

Read more: Water Management: From Scarcity to Sustainability



India - Eurasian Economic Union FTA Negotiations

27-08-2025

For Prelims: Eurasian Economic Union, Free Trade Agreement, International North-South Transport Corridor, Northern Sea Route

For Mains: India’s International Trade Policy and Bilateral/Multilateral Agreements, Strategic Economic Partnerships and Geopolitics (Russia, EAEU, BRICS)

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) have signed the Terms of Reference (ToR) to launch negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), a move that comes after stalled trade talks with the United States and rising US tariff threats.

What is Eurasian Economic Union?

What is the Significance of EAEU to India?

What are the Challenges in India- EAEU Engagement?

How can India–EAEU Engagement Be Strengthened?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Evaluate the strategic and economic significance of India’s engagement with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the current geopolitical scenario.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries? (2019)

(a) Japan 
(b) Russia 
(c) The United Kingdom 
(d) The United States of America 

Ans: (b)


Q. The term ‘Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership’ often appears in the news in the context of the affairs of a group of countries known as(2016)

(a) G20
(b) ASEAN
(c) SCO
(d) SAARC

Ans: (b)


Q. With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
  2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What is the significance of Indo-US deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. ( 2020)



India at the Forefront of Global Food Security

27-08-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India and the World Food Programme (WFP) signed a Letter of Intent for India to supply fortified rice to vulnerable populations worldwide, using its agricultural surplus to support global food security.

How does India Shape the Global Food Security Landscape?

Food_Security

Food Security Scenario in India

What are India’s Key Food Security Challenges and How can they be Tackled?

           Challenge

            Measures to Tackle It

Decreasing Per capita Food Availability: 510.1 grams per day per person in 1991 to 507.9 grams in 2021.

  • According to the United Nations India ranks second in food wastage globally, following China.
  • In the 2024 Global Hunger Index, India ranks 105th out of the 127 countries.

Improve storage and transportation infrastructure to reduce food waste. Invest in cold chain systems to prevent loss of perishable goods like fruits and dairy.

Rising Vulnerability to Climate Change: Rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather reduce crop yields and disrupt supply chains.

Speeding up the implementation of the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Scheme in vulnerable villages. Promote crop diversification and expand drip irrigation to enhance resilience, soil fertility, and yield stability.

Nutritional Challenge: 35.5% of children under age five years are stunted. 67% of children and 57% of women affected by anemia.

  • According to the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2025, about 12% of India’s population is undernourished.

Fortify foods with essential micronutrients like iron and vitamin B12. Implement iron supplementation programs for women and children.

Public Distribution System (PDS) Issues: 28% of allocated grains failing to reach beneficiaries due to leakage. 

  • Ghost beneficiaries and duplicate ration cards persist despite Aadhaar linkage, with 47 million bogus cards canceled between 2013-2021. 

Implement blockchain and IoT for digital tracking from procurement to distribution. Transform fair price shops into smart shops with biometric and QR code-based quality checks. 

Strengthen One Nation One Ration Card Plan with centralized databases and migration tracking for seasonal migrants.

What is the World Food Programme (WFP)?

Conclusion

India’s efforts to enhance food security contribute directly to SDG 2: Zero Hunger, SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production. Through initiatives like fortified rice, climate-resilient agriculture, and improved nutrition programs, India supports both national and global food security.

Related Keywords for Mains

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the four dimensions of food security and assess India’s shift from a food-deficit to a food-surplus nation, highlighting its role in global food security.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO. (2013)



SHGs in India

27-06-2025

For Prelims: Lakhpati Didi Initiative, PM SVANidhi, MGNREGA, Panchayati Raj Institutions, SDGs, MUDRA, Government e Marketplace, SHG-Bank Linkage Programme, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission.                          

For Mains: Role of SHGs and Lakhpati Didi initiative in women empowerment, Significance and challenges associated with SHGs, Steps needed to improve the working of SHGs. 

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) and the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) signed an MoU to strengthen the Lakhpati Didi initiative by empowering rural women from Self Help Groups (SHGs). 

What is the Lakhpati Didi Initiative? 

What are Key Facts About Self Help Groups (SHGs)? 

 

Why Are SHGs Important for Community Development and Women's Empowerment? 

What are the Major Challenges Faced by SHGs? 

What Steps can be Taken to Improve the Working of SHGs? 

SHG-Bank Linkage Programme 

Conclusion 

The Lakhpati Didi Initiative and SHG movement are transforming rural India by empowering women economically and socially. While challenges like financial access and market linkages persist, strategic interventions in skilling, credit access, and policy support can amplify their impact, making SHGs pivotal to achieving inclusive growth and Viksit Bharat by 2047. 

Drishti Mains Question:

What are the key challenges faced by SHGs in India? Suggest policy measures to enhance their sustainability and scalability. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. How does the National Rural Livelihood Mission seek to improve livelihood options of rural poor? (2012)

  1. By setting up a large number of new manufacturing industries and agribusiness centres in rural areas 
  2. By strengthening ‘self-help groups’ and providing skill development 
  3. By supplying seeds, fertilizers, diesel pump-sets and micro-irrigation equipment free of cost to farmers 

 Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q. Discuss the contribution of civil society groups for women’s effective and meaningful participation and representation in state legislatures in India. (2023)

Q. Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (2021) 

Q. “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of the Self Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. (2020) 

Q. “The emergence of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow but steady withdrawal of the State from developmental activities”. Examine the role of the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote the SHGs. (2017)

Q. The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), which is India’s own innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment programmes. Elucidate. (2015)





Simultaneous Elections in India

26-09-2025

For Prelims: Union Cabinet, Simultaneous Elections, Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, One Nation, One Election, Municipalities, Panchayats, Election Commission of India, State Election Commissions, EVMs, VVPATs, Law Commission, Model Code of Conduct

For Mains: Need of simultaneous elections and associated concerns.

Source:IE

Why in News?

Arvind Panagariya, Chairman of the 16th Finance Commission, noted that frequent elections hinder reforms and highlighted that the simultaneous elections improve governance and policy implementation.

What are Simultaneous Elections?

High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections, 2023

How do Frequent Elections Impact Governance in India?

 What is the Need for Simultaneous Elections in India?

Committee/Commission Recommendations on Simultaneous Elections in India

What are the Challenges Associated with Simultaneous Elections?

What Reforms can Facilitate the Transition to Simultaneous Elections in India?

Conclusion

The concept of Simultaneous Elections represents a significant step toward streamlined electoral management and efficient governance. While implementation requires careful constitutional amendments and political consensus, it promises administrative efficiency, fiscal prudence, and sustained policy focus, strengthening India’s democratic framework.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. One Nation, One Election could reduce fiscal costs but may undermine federalism. Discuss in light of recent proposals for simultaneous polls.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q.Which one of the following factors constitutes the best safeguard of liberty in a liberal democracy? (2021) 

(a) A committed judiciary 

(b) Centralization of powers 

(c) Elected government 

(d) Separation of powers 

Ans: (d) 


Q. Consider the following statements: (2021) 

In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.

In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.

As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her winning in all the constituencies.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3  

(d) 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)

Mains 

Q. Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national law maker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. (2019)

Q. “The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. (2017)



India’s Role in Amplifying the Voice of the Global South

26-09-2025

For Prelims: United Nations, International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Solar Alliance, BRICS, Quad,

For Mains: Challenges to multilateralism and global governance reform, Role of India in representing the Global South’s concerns

Source: TH

Why in News?

India’s External Affairs Minister  convened a High‑Level Meeting of Like‑Minded Global South Countries in New York on the sidelines of the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly. 

Click here to Read: What is Global South?

Global_North-South

What Role is India Playing in Championing the Voice of the Global South?

What are the Concerns of the Global South in the Current World Order?

How does South-South Cooperation (SSC) Complement & Challenge North-South?

Complementary Aspects

Challenging Aspects

What Measures can Strengthen the Global South’s Voice with India’s Leadership?

Conclusion

A stronger Global South requires unity, credible leadership, and equitable participation in global governance. Guided by the Indian ethos of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (“One Earth, One Family, One Future”), India can amplify Southern priorities with inclusivity and balance. Its leadership can help transform the Global South from a passive voice into an active shaper of the world order.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. How does South-South Cooperation complement or challenge the traditional North-South framework in addressing global development gaps?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains 

Q.“If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years. (2021) 

Q.Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post Cold War international scenario. (2016)



India’s SDG 3 Progress

26-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

India has achieved its best-ever position in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Index 2025, ranking 99th out of 167 countries, up from 109 in 2024. The rise reflects progress in infrastructure and basic services

SDG_3_Targets

What is the Status of India’s Progress on SDG 3?

What are the Reasons for Gaps in Achieving SDG 3 Targets?

What Measures Should India Adopt to Enhance SDG 3 Progress?

17_SDGs

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine India’s progress under SDG 3 (“Good Health and Well-being”) and discuss the key challenges in achieving maternal and child health targets by 2030

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. Sustainable development is described as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In this perspective, inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with which of the following concepts? (2010) 

(a) Social justice and empowerment 

(b) Inclusive Growth 

(c) Globalization 

(d) Carrying capacity 

Ans: (d)

Mains

Q. Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)



Fertilizer Sector in India

26-08-2025

For Prelims: One Nation One Fertilizer, Nano‑fertilizers, Neem Coated UreaPradhan Mantri Kisan Samridhi Kendras

For Mains: Fertilizer Sector, Atmanirbhar Bharat & Strategic Sectors.

Source: FE

Why in News? 

A parliamentary committee has urged the government to reclassify the fertilizer sector as ‘strategic’, criticizing its current ‘non-strategic’ status as inconsistent with India’s self-reliance goals under Atmanirbhar Bharat, especially in light of growing import dependency and food security concerns.

What are the Parliamentary Committee Observations and Recommendations on the Fertilizer Sector?

Observations

Recommendations

How Integral are Fertilizers to India's Agriculture and Economy?

How is India’s Fertilizer Sector Evolving Towards Sustainability and Self-Reliance?

What are the Challenges in Categorizing the Fertilizer Sector as ‘Strategic’?

How can India Make its fertilizer Sector Self-Reliant?

NBS subsidy

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Critically examine the need to classify the fertilizer sector as strategic in the context of India’s food security and Atmanirbhar Bharat agenda.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government.
  2. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas.
  3. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Q. Why does the Government of India promote the use of ‘Neem-coated Urea’ in agriculture? (2016)

(a) Release of Neem oil in the soil increases nitrogen fixation by the soil microorganisms.
(b) Neem coating slows down the rate of dissolution of urea in the soil.
(c) Nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas, is not at all released into atmosphere by crop fields.
(d) It is a combination of a weedicide and a fertilizer for particular crops.

Ans: (b)



National Cooperation Policy 2025

26-07-2025

For Prelims: Cooperatives, Dairy Infrastructure Development Fund , Primary Agricultural Credit Societies, International Day of Cooperatives, Article 19 

For Mains: National Cooperation Policy 2025, Evolution and role of cooperatives in India's socio-economic development 

Source:TH 

Why in News?

To mark the United Nations-designated International Year of Cooperatives (IYC) 2025, India unveiled the National Cooperation Policy 2025 to transform the cooperative sector into a people-driven economic force 

International Year of Cooperatives (IYC) 2025 

What are the Key Features of the National Cooperation Policy 2025? 

National_Cooperation_Policy_2025

What are Cooperatives? 

 Cooperatives

What are the Key Initiatives Undertaken by India in the Cooperative Sector? 

What are the Challenges and Opportunities for the Cooperative Sector in India? 

Challenges 

Opportunities 

Conclusion 

Cooperatives are a grassroots movement empowering farmers, women, and small entrepreneurs. They promote inclusive growth and resilient communities. Under the National Cooperation Policy 2025, India reaffirms its commitment to “Sahkar se Samriddhi,” aiming to use cooperatives as a vehicle for sustainable development and widespread prosperity.

Drishti Mains Question:

The cooperative model has long been a tool for rural empowerment in India. In light of the National Cooperation Policy 2025, critically evaluate how cooperatives can drive inclusive growth. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards established by State Governments. 
  2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. 
  3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, through a 1966 Amendment. 

Which of the above statements are correct?

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

Q. In India, which of the following have the highest share in the disbursement of credit to agriculture and allied activities? (2011) 

(a) Commercial Banks  

(b) Cooperative Banks  

(c) Regional Rural Banks  

(d) Microfinance Institutions 

Ans: (a)


Mains:

Q. “In the villages itself no form of credit organisation will be suitable except the cooperative society.” – All India Rural Credit Survey. Discuss this statement in the background of agricultural finance in India. What constraints and challenges do financial institutions supplying agricultural finance face? How can technology be used to better reach and serve rural clients? (2014)




Progress on India’s Climate Targets

26-07-2025

For Prelims: Paris Agreement 2015, Carbon Sink, Monoculture, Climate Finance, Lithium-ion, Sodium-ion, Green Hydrogen, Agroforestry, Miyawaki Forests.                     

For Mains: India’s progress on its climate targets and challenges associated with it. Steps needed to further its climate targets. 

Source: IE

Why in News? 

India has made remarkable progress on its climate commitments under the Paris Agreement 2015, achieving one of its major targets five years ahead of schedule and nearing completion on the other two.  

Note: The Paris Agreement (2015), adopted at COP21, set the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C. COP26 (Glasgow, 2021) served as a key milestone to review and enhance Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), reinforcing the Paris Agreement's implementation. 

What is the Status of India’s Climate Commitments? 

India’s Initiatives to Achieve Climate Targets 

What Concerns are Associated with India’s Climate Targets? 

What Steps can be Taken to Further India’s Climate Target Goals? 

Conclusion 

India has made significant progress on its climate targets, achieving key milestones ahead of schedule. However, structural challenges in generation, sectoral emissions, finance, and forest sustainability persist. Addressing these will require robust policy action, financial support, and technological innovation to ensure long-term climate resilience and equitable energy transition. 

Drishti Mains Question:

India has achieved its non-fossil fuel capacity target ahead of schedule. Critically examine the challenges that still hinder a full energy transition.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question:  

Prelims

Q. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021)  

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.  
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.  
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres.  

Which of the statements given above are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d)

Q. With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017)  

  1. It is an initiative of the European Union.  
  2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.  
  3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (a) 


Mains

Q.1 Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)  

Q.2 ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How will India be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (2017)



2025 Henley Passport Index Q2

26-07-2025

Source: TH 

India ranks 77th in the Henley Passport Index 2025 (Q2), up from 85th in January 2025 (Q1), showing a modest but notable improvement in global mobility for Indian citizens. 

Read more: Henley Passport Index 2025 


MSC Certification for Chilka Lake’s Mud Crab Fishery

26-06-2025

Source: BL

To boost India’s inland fisheries, a joint initiative led by ICAR-CIFRI (Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute) and Chilika Development Authority (CDA) aims to secure Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification for Chilika Lake’s mud crab fishery

Chilka_Lake

MSC Certification

State of India’s Fisheries Sector

Read More: Coastal States Fisheries Meet 2025 





AWS Outage and the Risks of Cloud Centralisation

25-10-2025

For Prelims: Amazon Web Services, Cloud Computing, MeghRaj, National Informatics Centre, National Knowledge Network 

For Mains: Significance of cloud computing for digital governance in India, Risks of centralization in cloud services and systemic vulnerabilities 

 Source: IE 

Why in News?  

 A recent outage at Amazon Web Services (AWS) disrupted over 1,000 global online services, including messaging apps and government portals, highlighting the risks of centralised cloud providers. 

What is Amazon Web Services (AWS)? 

What is Cloud Computing? 

Model 

Definition 

Example 

SaaS (Software as a Service) 

Software delivered over the Internet; no installation or maintenance required. 

Google Docs, Hotmail, Microsoft Office 365 

PaaS (Platform as a Service) 

Platform for developers to build, deploy, and manage apps without managing underlying hardware or OS. 

Google App Engine 

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) 

Virtualized computing resources (servers, storage, networking) provided on-demand. 

Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure 

XaaS (Anything/Everything as a Service) 

Comprehensive model combining multiple cloud services, including software, platforms, and infrastructure. 

Cloud service bundles from major providers 

FaaS (Function as a Service) 

Event-driven serverless computing; runs code only when triggered, no server management required. 

Google Cloud Functions 

 

What is the Significance of Cloud Computing for India? 

How does Cloud Centralisation Risk Digital Sovereignty and Resilience? 

What Measures India can Take to Build Resilient Cloud Infrastructure? 

Conclusion 

Cloud computing powers India’s digital services, but outages like AWS show the risks of centralization. Multi-cloud strategies, domestic data centres, and skilled workforce are key for resilient infrastructure. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Q. Evaluate the challenges and risks associated with centralised cloud providers for critical national infrastructure.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is cloud computing? 

Delivery of IT resources (storage, computing, apps) over the internet without managing physical servers. 

2. What is MeghRaj and its significance in India? 

MeghRaj is India’s national cloud initiative providing scalable Information and Communication Technology  services to government departments, enhancing e-governance and efficient service delivery. 

3. How does cloud computing contribute to financial and social inclusion in India? 

Platforms like Aadhaar, UPI, and DigiLocker leverage cloud services to provide accessible, transparent, and scalable services across socio-economic groups. 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q. With reference to "Software as a Service (SaaS)", consider the following statements:  (2022)

  1. SaaS buyers can customise the user interface and can change data fields. 
  2. SaaS users can access their data through their mobile devices. 
  3. Outlook, Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail are forms of SaaS. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

a) 1 and 2 only

b) 2 and 3 only

c) 1 and 3 only

d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: D 



Strengthening India-Germany Partnership

25-10-2025

For Prelims: Germany, Semiconductors, AI, Quantum Tech, Digital Public Infrastructure, International Solar Alliance, Global Biodiversity Framework, G4, TARANG SHAKTI, Intellectual Property Rights, GDPR, Green Hydrogen.                                                        

For Mains: An analysis of the Indo-German strategic partnership, focusing on key collaborative domains, existing challenges, and a prospective roadmap for enhanced engagement. 

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

India’s Union Commerce and Industry Minister met the German Federal Minister for Economy and Energy to commemorate 25 years of the India-Germany Strategic Partnership and enhance cooperation in trade, investment, technology, green energy, and skilling. 

 What Makes the 25th year of India-Germany Strategic Partnership Significant? 

 

What are the Key Challenges in India-Germany Bilateral Partnership? 

What Steps can be Taken to Strengthen India-Germany Bilateral Partnership? 

Conclusion 

India-Germany relations are a robust strategic partnership driven by shared democratic values and converging interests in trade, green technology, and security. To realize its full potential, both nations must pragmatically navigate geopolitical divergences on Russia and China, conclude the long-pending EU-India FTA, and translate ambitious roadmaps into concrete, actionable projects. 

Drishti Mains Question:  

 Q. Discuss the key areas of cooperation between India and Germany and their significance for India’s strategic autonomy.

 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the current status of India–Germany trade relations? 

In 2023–24, India–Germany trade reached a record USD 33.33 billion, accounting for 2.37% of India’s foreign trade, with the balance of trade favoring Germany. 

2. What is the Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreement (MMPA)? 

Signed in 2022, it facilitates legal skilled migration, promotes fair recruitment, and curbs irregular migration, especially for green and digital sectors. 

3. What is the cumulative Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from Germany to India? 

Germany ranks 9th among foreign investors in India, with a cumulative FDI of USD 14.5 billion from April 2000 to December 2023. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims 

Q.‘Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA)’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of negotiations held between India and (2017)  

(a) European Union  

(b) Gulf Cooperation Council  

(c) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development  

(d) Shanghai Cooperation Organization  

Ans: (a) 

Mains 

Q.“Africa was chopped into states artificially created by accident of European competition”. Analyze. (2013)  

Q. To what extent can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World Wars? Discuss critically (2015)



India to Host Commonwealth Games 2030

25-10-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

India is set to host the centenary edition of the Commonwealth Games (CWG) in 2030, with Ahmedabad chosen as the proposed venue, marking a key step in its bid for the 2036 Olympics. 

What are Commonwealth Games? 

 

‘Commonwealth’ 

  • About: It is a voluntary association of 56 independent and equal countries, representing a population of 2.7 billion people, with shared goals of development, democracy, and peace. 
  • Historical Genesis: 
    • Imperial Conference (1926): UK and Dominions agreed to be equal members within the British Empire, owing allegiance to the monarch but retaining autonomy. 
    • London Declaration (1949): Established the Modern Commonwealth of Nations, allowing republics and non-British monarchies to join. 
  • Membership: Composed of 56 independent countries, most formerly British colonies. Membership is voluntary, and any country can join; Gabon and Togo joined in 2022. 
  • Values and Governance: It is guided by the Commonwealth Charter, promoting development, democracy, and peace, with the Commonwealth Secretariat in London supporting member states in achieving these goals. 
  • India and the Commonwealth: India is the largest Commonwealth member by population and the 4th largest financial contributor 
    • It has hosted the Commonwealth Summit (1983) and the Commonwealth Games (2010) in New Delhi.

 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What are the Commonwealth Games? 

The Commonwealth Games are a quadrennial multi-sport event for athletes from 71 Commonwealth nations and territories, promoting sports, cultural diversity, and unity. 

2. When and where were the first Commonwealth Games held? 

The inaugural Games took place in 1930, Hamilton, Canada, as the British Empire Games. 

3. What is the Commonwealth of Nations? 

The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 56 independent countries, mostly former British colonies, promoting development, democracy, and peace through cooperation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Consider the following statements in respect of the Laureus World Sports Award which was instituted in the year 2000: (2021)

  1. American golfer Tiger Woods was the first winner of this award.  
  2. The award was received mostly by ‘Formula One’ players so far.  
  3. Roger Federer received this award maximum number of times compared to others.  

Which of the above statements are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c) 



International Convention Against Doping in Sport

25-10-2025

Source: PIB 

 At the 10th Session of the Conference of Parties (COP10) to the International Convention against Doping in Sport, held at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, India was re-elected as Vice-Chairperson of the Bureau for the Asia-Pacific for the 2025–2027 term. 

International Convention Against Doping in Sport 

 

National Anti-Doping Agency 

  • NADA, established in 2005 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act of 1860, is tasked with promoting dope-free sports in India 
    • NADA plans, implements, and coordinates the country’s anti-doping activities in accordance with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) code and regulations. 
  • The National Anti-Doping Act, 2022 provides legal authority to NADA for regulating anti-doping activities in sports and implementing the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport. 
    • The National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Act, 2025 has further strengthened this framework by enhancing enforcement mechanisms, ensuring greater accountability, and aligning India’s anti-doping regime with evolving global standards. 

Read More: Doping 



https://sarathi.parivahan.gov.in/

25-09-2025

Source: HT  

Why in News?

The Production Gap 2025 report reveals that countries plan to produce more fossil fuels in 2030 than required to limit global warming to 1.5°C (Paris Agreement). It highlights that production plans have increased since 2023, widening the gap between current policies and the actions needed to meet climate goals.

The Production Gap Report 2025

What are the Key Findings of the Production Gap Report 2025?

How can India Balance Fossil Fuel Production with Renewable Energy? 

Mnemonic: GRIDS

India’s Initiatives to Reduce Dependence on Fossil Fuels

Conclusion

The Production Gap Report 2025 reveals a dangerous contradiction: despite climate commitments, countries are expanding fossil fuel production, prioritizing short-term energy security and economic growth. This path undermines the Paris Agreement, locks in catastrophic warming, and necessitates an urgent, equitable global transition to clean energy.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the reasons behind continued expansion of fossil fuel production despite the Paris Agreement commitments.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year’s Question (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (2016)

(a) pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East

(b) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change

(c) capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

(d) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals

Answer: (b)


Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.
  2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
  3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b)


Mains

Q1. Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (2022) 

Q2. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)



India’s Roadmap for Fusion Power

25-09-2025

For Prelims: Nuclear fusion, Difference between Nuclear Fusion & Nuclear Fission. 

For Mains: Strategic significance of fusion research for India’s technological autonomy, 

Source:TH

Why in News? 

Researchers at the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, proposes a roadmap for India’s fusion power, focusing on the development of the Steady-state Superconducting Tokamak-Bharat (SST-Bharat) reactor, marking a major step in India’s energy strategy.

What is Fusion?

Fusion

FusionvsFission

What is India’s Roadmap for Fusion Power?

Global Advances in Fusion Power

What are the Challenges for India’s Roadmap for Fusion Power?

How can India Ensure Strategic Gains from Investing in Fusion Power R&D?

Conclusion

India’s fusion roadmap is ambitious but cautious, aiming for a 2060 demonstration plant while the UK, US, and China target earlier prototypes. Though costly and uncertain, it could yield valuable technological and strategic gains for India’s energy future.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Fusion power is often described as the ‘holy grail’ of clean energy. Critically analyze the opportunities and challenges of adopting fusion in India’s energy mix. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q. The function of heavy water in a nuclear reactor is to (2011)

(a) Slow down the speed of neutrons 

(b) Increase the speed of neutrons 

(c) Cool down the reactor 

(d) Stop the nuclear reaction 

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)



Defamation

25-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

A judge of the Supreme Court of India highlighted the need to decriminalise defamation, citing concerns over its increasing misuse by political leaders and private individuals to settle personal and political disputes.

What is Defamation?

What is the Need to Decriminalise Defamation?

What Measures Can Strengthen Defamation Laws While Protecting Free Speech in India?

Conclusion

Defamation remains a complex issue where free speech and reputation often collide. Any change must weigh the risk of silencing criticism against the need to protect dignity, demanding cautious, well-researched reforms.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Analyse the misuse of defamation laws and its impact on democratic discourse.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ):

Mains

Q. What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (2014)



PRAGATI

25-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Prime Minister chaired the 49th meeting of PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation), focusing on expediting key infrastructure projects.

PRAGATI

Read more: PRAGATI



Green Hydrogen

25-08-2025

Source: DTE

Why in News? 

A new report has positioned India as a potential global leader in the green hydrogen economy, with the capacity to capture 10% of the worldwide market and export 10 million tonnes annually by 2030.

What is Green Hydrogen (GH2)? 

Types_of_Hydrogen                    

What are the Key Challenges in India’s Green Hydrogen Ecosystem?  

India’s Green Hydrogen journey is hindered by a CAGE that restricts its scaling potential: 

C – Cost Barrier: Early-stage Green Hydrogen costs nearly $4–4.5/kg, much higher than grey hydrogen, limiting competitiveness. 

A – Access to Capital: High upfront investments in electrolysers and renewable capacity deter private players. 

G – Gaps in Infrastructure: Lack of transport pipelines, storage, and refuelling networks slows adoption. 

E – Economic Viability Issues: Delayed carbon pricing mechanism makes fossil fuel-based hydrogen artificially cheaper, undercutting Green Hydrogen. 

What Measures can India Adopt to Boost Green Hydrogen Adoption?  

To break free from the CAGE, India must step on the POWER pedal: 

P – Pricing Carbon: Accelerating the introduction of a carbon tax/market mechanism to level the field with fossil fuels. 

O – Obligation Mandates: Enforce Green Hydrogen Purchase Obligations in hard-to-abate sectors (steel, fertilisers, refining). 

W – Widen Infrastructure Base: Build electrolyser capacity, storage, transport pipelines, and export corridors with partners like EU, Japan, S. Korea. 

E – Economic Reallocation: Shift subsidies from fossil fuels to GH2, and provide tax incentives & viability gap funding. 

R – Risk Pooling through Demand Aggregation: Create pooled procurement platforms with payment security mechanisms to ensure bankable contracts and competitive pricing. 

Keywords for Mains  

Green_Hydrogen



UN High Commissioner for Refugees

25-08-2025

Source: TH

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has temporarily suspended voluntary repatriation of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees from India after arrests of returnees in Sri Lanka. 

Read More: Refugees and Ethics 


Towards Resilient and Prosperous Cities in India

25-07-2025

For Prelims: World Bank, 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 , Goods and Services Tax, Smart Cities Mission 

For Mains: Urban climate risks and resilience strategies in India, Challenges of urban planning and sustainable development in India 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

A World Bank report, in collaboration with the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, titled "Towards Resilient and Prosperous Cities in India", forecasts that by 2030, Indian cities will generate 70% of new employment but will face risks from flooding and extreme heat, urging the need for greater autonomy and climate-resilient planning. 

What are the Key Climate Risks Impacting Indian Cities? 

Urban_Heat_ Island 

What are the Challenges of Urban Autonomy in Enhancing Climate Resilience? 

What are the Key Strategies for Ensuring Climate Resilience in Indian Cities? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Indian cities are at the frontline of climate change. Discuss the key risks and evaluate India’s approach to building urban climate resilience. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs) 

Mains

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)




One Stop Centres Scheme

25-07-2025

Source: HT 

Why in News? 

The Delhi High Court issued multiple directions to the Delhi government concerning the poor condition of One Stop Centres (OSCs) set up under the One Stop Centre scheme to aid women affected by violence.  

What is One Stop Centres Scheme? 

What was the Need of OSC Guidelines? 

What Directions Did the Delhi High Court Issue? 

Note: The above issues were previously highlighted in the Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Public Health Infrastructure and Management of Health Services for the Government of NCT of Delhi. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the role of One Stop Centres (OSCs) in addressing gender-based violence in India. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (2017)



DHRUVA Policy

25-07-2025

Source: PIB 

The Department of Posts has introduced DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) Policy, a geo-coded digital address system to revolutionize governance, logistics, and service delivery in India. 

DHRUVA Policy 

Read More: Post Office Act 2023 


ICJ’s Advisory on State Duties for Climate Action

25-07-2025

Source: DTE 

Why in News?  

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a landmark advisory opinion stating that countries can be held legally responsible for their role in driving climate change.  

What is the ICJ’s Stance on State Obligations on Climate Change? 

What is the International Court of Justice (ICJ)? 

Note: The ICJ is separate from the International Criminal Court (ICC), which deals with criminal cases against individuals. 

ICJ_ICC

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the mandate of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and its role in climate governance?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. “Rule of Law Index” is released by which of the following? ( 2018)

A. Amnesty International 

B. International Court of Justice 

C. The Office of the UN Commissioner for Human Rights 

D. World Justice Project 

Ans: (D)


Mains 

Q. Clean energy is the order of the day. Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (2022)



EPF New Withdrawal Rules 2025

24-10-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The Central Board of Trustees (CBT) of the Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) approved new guidelines for partial and premature withdrawal of Provident Fund (PF) funds, aiming to enhance the “ease of living” for subscribers. 

What are the EPF New Withdrawal Provisions 2025?

What is an Employees Provident Fund (EPF)?

Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF)?
EPF is a social security and retirement savings scheme for salaried employees in India, administered by EPFO under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.

2. Who can become a member of EPF?
All employees in establishments with 20 or more workers are eligible from the date of joining, providing access to PF savings, pension, and insurance benefits.

3. What schemes are administered by EPFO?
EPFO administers three schemes: Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF), Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS), and Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance (EDLI).

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to casual workers employed in India, consider the following statements:

1. All casual workers are entitled for Employees Provident Fund Coverage.

2. All casual workers are entitled for regular working hours and overtime payment.

3. The government can by a notification specify that an establishment or industry shall pay wages only through its bank account.

Which of the above statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: D



Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025

24-10-2025

Source: PIB

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh released the Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025, effective from 1st November 2025, to simplify procedures, ensure uniformity, and boost Armed Forces’ operational preparedness.

Read more: Reviewing Defence Procurement Procedure



Global Innovation Index 2025

24-09-2025

For Prelims: World Intellectual Property Organization, Global Innovation Index, Intellectual Property, Fund of Funds for Startups, National Semiconductor Mission, IndiaAI Mission, Atal Tinkering Labs.                               

For Mains: Performance of India in Global Innovation Index 2025, challenges associated with India’s innovation ecosystem and ways to address them.

Source: ET  

Why in News?

India has climbed to the 38th position among 139 economies in the World Intellectual Property Organization's (WIPO) Global Innovation Index (GII) 2025, improving from 48th place in 2020.

Global Innovation Index

What are the Key Highlights of the GII 2025?

What is the Current Status of India’s Innovation Landscape?

What are the Barriers to India’s Innovation Ecosystem?

What Reforms are Needed to Strengthen India's Innovation Ecosystem?

Conclusion

India’s innovation ecosystem has advanced significantly, reaching 38th in GII 2025 and topping lower-middle-income economies. While strategic policies have driven this rise, challenges remain in R&D funding, industry-academia collaboration, and private sector investment. Sustaining growth will require increasing GERD, promoting deep-tech, and building synergistic ecosystems to evolve from a startup hub into a global innovation leader.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically evaluate the barriers in India’s innovation ecosystem and suggest reforms to enhance deep-tech research and commercialization.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)? (2015) 

  1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government.
  2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions.Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

 Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as are business professions, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (2014)



Unified Payments Interface

24-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) released a note titled Growing Retail Digital Payments: The Value of Interoperability,  emphasizing the role of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in transforming India's digital payment ecosystem. 

What is Unified Payments Interface (UPI)? 

How Has UPI Transformed India’s Digital Payment Ecosystem? 

Digital Foundation Behind UPI 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. With reference to digital payments, consider the following statements: (2018) 

  1. BHIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with a UPI-enabled bank account. 
  2. While a chip-pin debit card has four factors of authentication, BHIM app has only two factors of authentication. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (a) 

Q2. Which of the following is a most likely consequence of implementing the ‘Unified Payments Interface (UPI)’? (2017) 

(a) Mobile wallets will not be necessary for online payments. 
(b) Digital currency will totally replace the physical currency in about two decades. 
(c) FDI inflows will drastically increase. 
(d) Direct transfer of subsidies to poor people will become very effective. 

Ans: (a) 

Q3. Consider the following statements: (2017) 

  1. National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) helps in promoting the financial inclusion in the country. 
  2. NPCI has launched RuPay, a card payment scheme. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c)



Bharat NCX 2025

24-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Bharat NCX 2025, India’s premier national cybersecurity exercise ( 21st July– 1st August, 2025), was inaugurated with the theme ‘Enhancing the Operational Preparedness of Indian Cyberspace’. 

Read More: Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2025 


Croatia

24-06-2025

Source: PIB

The Prime Minister of India met with the Croatian President as part of his 3-nation tour (Cyprus, Canada & Croatia) following his attendance at the 2025 G7 Summit in Canada.

Croatia (Republic of Croatia)

Croatia

Read More: India-Croatia Relations 



Delhi Declaration 2025

23-10-2025

For Prelims: UNFCCCAdaptation, Mitigation, Conference of the Parties 29, Nationally Determined Contributions, Paris Agreement, 

For Mains: Urban Climate Governance.

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Delhi Declaration on Local Action for Global Climate Goals, adopted at the ARISE Cities Forum 2025 in New Delhi, is set to be presented at COP30 in Belém, Brazil. It serves as a landmark commitment from cities of the Global South to shape climate action through multilevel governance. 

What is Delhi Declaration 2025? 

ARISE 

Why Urban Climate Governance Matters for India and the Global South? 

What are India’s Initiatives in Urban Climate Governance? 

Conclusion 

As the Delhi Declaration journeys “From Bharat to Belém,” it carries the united message of cities seeking recognition as equal partners in shaping global climate decisions. The ARISE Cities Forum 2025 thus stands as a turning point for urban resilience, showcasing that the path to a sustainable, climate-secure future begins in cities themselves.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the significance of Urban Climate Governance in achieving India’s sustainable development and climate resilience goals.”

Frequently Asked Questions 

1. What is the Delhi Declaration 2025? 
It’s a collective statement from Global South cities promoting inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban climate action ahead of COP30. 

2. Who organised the ARISE Cities Forum 2025? 
The forum was co-hosted by ICLEI South Asia and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). 

3. What is Urban Climate Governance? 
It refers to city-level systems, policies, and collaborations managing mitigation, adaptation, and resilience to climate change. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs) 

Prelims:

Q. With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct? (2017)

  1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.
  2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.
  3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 

(b) 1 and 3 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1 only 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2011)

  1. In India, a Metropolitan Planning Committee 
  2. is constituted under the provisions of the Constitution of India.
  3. prepares the draft development plans for metropolitan area.
  4. has the sole responsibility for implementing Government sponsored schemes in the metropolitan area.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Mains: 

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)

Q. With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and strategy of the ‘Smart City Programme.’ (2016)



Special Campaign 5.0-Towards Efficient Governance in India

23-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Special Campaign 5.0 is making headlines as its implementation phase(October 2–31, 2025) is underway across Indian government offices. Ministries have reported significant progress in clearing public grievances. 

Special Campaign 5.0

Read More: Decoding Good Governance 


President’s Rule in India

23-09-2025

For Prelims:  President’s Rule in Manipur, President’s Rule Parliament, High CourtOrdinances, Consolidated Fund of the State, 44th Amendment (1978), Judicial Review, The Supreme Court, S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994), Centre-State Relations. 

For Mains: Role of President's Rule in the Indian federal structure, Impact of President's Rule on state autonomy and federalism.

Source:IE

Why in News? 

The extension of President’s Rule in Manipur has drawn attention to the historical use of Article 356 across India, showing how its imposition not only suspends state democracy but also reshapes political power dynamics.

What is the President's Rule?

President's_Rule

Judicial Pronouncements Regarding the President’s Rule in India

  • S. R. Bommai Case (1994): The Supreme Court ruled that Article 356 is subject to judicial review, and the dismissal of a state government must be based on a floor test, not merely the Governor’s opinion.
  • Sarbananda Sonowal Case (2005): The Supreme Court reinforced the Union’s duty under Article 355 to protect states from external aggression and internal disturbance.
  • Rameshwar Prasad Case (2006): The SC condemned the Bihar Assembly’s dissolution without a floor test and criticized the political misuse of Article 356, stating it cannot be used to combat social evils like defection. 

What Positive Functions Does President’s Rule Serve Within India’s Federal Structure?

What are Concerns Surrounding the Imposition of the President's Rule in India?

What Reforms can Ensure Responsible Application of President’s Rule in India?

Conclusion

President’s Rule is a necessary constitutional safeguard but its history shows it is equally prone to political misuse. The real challenge lies in striking a balance between central intervention and respect for state autonomy. Strengthening judicial review, mandating floor tests, and ensuring timely elections are key to protecting India’s federal spirit.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Assess the impact of President’s Rule on federalism in India. Discuss the challenges it poses to state autonomy and the democratic process.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. If the President of India exercises his power as provided under Article 356 of the Constitution in respect of a particular State, then (2018)

(a) the Assembly of the State is automatically dissolved. 

(b) the powers of the Legislature of that State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of the Parliament. 

(c) Article 19 is suspended in that State. 

(d) the President can make laws relating to that State. 

Ans: (b)


Mains 

Q. Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? (2018)



CAG Report on the Fiscal Health of States

23-09-2025

Source:IE

Why in News?

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) released its first decadal analysis on the fiscal health of 28 Indian states, showing that their public debt (internal borrowings plus loans from the Centre) has tripled in 10 years, reaching Rs 59.6 lakh crore in FY 2022-23, raising concerns about fiscal sustainability.

What are the Key Findings of the CAG Report on States’ Fiscal Health?

What are the Reasons for High State Debt in India?

What are the Implications of Rising State Public Debt in India?

How can States Reduce Debt Burden while Maintaining Fiscal Health?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. In the context of rising state debt in India, discuss the importance of strengthening public financial management.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Review Committee Report has recommended a debt to GDP ratio of 60% for the general (combined) government by 2023, comprising 40% for the Central Government and 20% for the State Governments.
  2. The Central Government has domestic liabilities of 21% of GDP as compared to that of 49% of GDP of the State Governments.
  3. As per the Constitution of India, it is mandatory for a State to take the Central Government’s consent for raising any loan if the former owes any outstanding liabilities to the latter.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: C


Mains:

Q. Public expenditure management is a challenge to the Government of India in the context of budget-making during the post-liberalization period. Clarify it. (2019)



Removal of Ministers Under Serious Charges

23-08-2025

For Prelims: Council of Ministers, Representation of the People Act, Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. 

For Mains: Governance and Accountability of Elected Representatives, Role of Parliament and Judiciary in Legislative Oversight

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Central Government has introduced the 130th Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2025 in the Lok Sabha to remove central and state Ministers arrested for 30 consecutive days on serious criminal charges. 

130th Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2025 

What is the Current Legal Framework for Removing Detained Ministers from Office? 

Key Judicial Pronouncements Regarding Ministerial Accountability 

Why is a New Provision Needed for the Removal of Detained Ministers? 

What Measures are Needed for Strengthening Ministerial Accountability? 

Drishti Mains Question:

How can constitutional and legal measures strengthen ministerial accountability while balancing the presumption of innocence?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains 

Q. On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Representation of Peoples Act, 1951? Also mention the remedies available to such person against his disqualification  (2019) 

It is often said that ‘politics’ and ‘ethics’ do not go together. What is your opinion in this regard? Justify your answer with illustrations. (2013)

Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (2022)




Transforming India’s Electoral Landscape

23-08-2025

For Prelims: , Election Commission of India, Registered Unrecognised Political Parties, VVPAT, Representation of the People Act, 1950, Representation of the People Act, 1951, CAG, Right to Information Act, 2005, Law Commission

For Mains: Role of the Election Commission of India in Ensuring Free and Fair Elections, Recent Electoral Reforms, and Additional Measures Needed to Strengthen Electoral Integrity. 

Source: PIB   

Why in News? 

The Election Commission of India (ECI) has undertaken several initiatives to streamline the electoral process, enhance transparency, strengthen voter participation, and uphold the credibility of India’s democratic framework.

What are the Key Reforms Undertaken to Strengthen India’s Electoral Process?

What are the Major Challenges Confronting India’s Electoral Process? 

Electoral_Reforms

What Steps are Required to Further Strengthen India’s Electoral Framework?

Election_Commission_of_India

Conclusion: 

A resilient democracy rests on the strength of its electoral foundations. Strengthening independence of institutions, enhancing transparency, widening voter participation, deepening inner-party democracy, and embracing technology are indispensable. Only through such holistic and sustained efforts can India safeguard the integrity, credibility, and fairness of its electoral system and truly uphold the spirit of a vibrant democracy.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. While procedural reforms are essential, the true autonomy of the Election Commission of India hinges on its independence from the executive." Critically examine this statement in the context of recent disputes and the need for an independent ECI cadre.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies. 
  2. In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies. 
  3. As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her winning in all the constituencies. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only  

(c) 1 and 3   

(d) 2 and 3  

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q. Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (2022)



Towards Drug Free India

23-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

India is grappling with an escalating drug abuse crisis. The Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan was launched to address this issue and has now completed five years of implementation. 

Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan 

Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiya 

Prevalence of Drug Abuse in India 

Drug Usage in India 

2 Major Drug-Producing Regions in World  

Drug-Producing Regions in World

What are the Key Challenges in Drug Control India? 

What Measures Should be Taken to Eradicate Drug Abuse in India? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q1. Consider the following statements: (2019)  

  1. The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.  
  2. The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.  
  3. A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.  
  4. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.   

Which of the statements given above is correct?  

(a) 1 and 3 only   

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 2 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   

Ans: (c) 


Mains: 

Q. India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same? (2018)



Kerala ‘First’ Digitally Literate State in India

23-08-2025

Source: IE 

Kerala has been declared the first fully digitally literate state in India, marking a milestone in bridging the digital divide through the Digi Keralam Project. 

Digital Literacy in India 

Read more: Right to Internet Access and Digital Literacy 


Death of Cheetah at Kuno National Park

23-07-2025

Source: TH 

An 8-year-old Namibian female cheetah, Nabha, died at Kuno National Park (KNP) in Madhya Pradesh due to injuries sustained during a likely hunting attempt. 

Cheetah

Read More: One Year of Project Cheetah 


Spinal Muscular Atrophy

23-06-2025

Source: TH

In a first-of-its-kind medical intervention in India, a newborn with the SMN1 gene mutation for Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is receiving presymptomatic treatment using Risdiplam, a rare disease-modifying drug given to prevent motor neuron degeneration.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Read More: Genetic Disorders


China Challenges India’s EV Subsidies at WTO

22-10-2025

Source:BS 

China has approached the World Trade Organization (WTO) against India, alleging that the country’s electric vehicle (EV) and battery subsidies provide an “unfair competitive advantage” to domestic manufacturers. 

Read more:  India's Shift to Electric Vehicles 


Compensation Portal for FASTag Annual Pass Scheme

22-10-2025

Source: ET 

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has introduced a compensation portal designed to enhance toll operations.  

RFID

Read more: All About the FASTag 


India’s Digital Public Platforms (DPPs)

22-10-2025

Source: BL 

The RBI Governor highlighted India’s vision to make digital innovations such as UPI and Modular Open-Source Identity Platform (MOSIP) global public goods, reaffirming the country’s commitment to international collaboration on Digital Public Platforms (DPPs). 

DPPs

Read More: Unified Payments Interface (UPI) 


Reforming the PDS in India

22-09-2025

For Prelims: World Bank, Public Distribution System, Food Corporation of India , Poshan Abhiyaan

For Mains: Food Security in India: Public Distribution System (PDS) and reforms, Nutrition and Hidden Hunger

Source:TH

Why in News?

A recent study by Crisil using a ‘thali index’ shows that up to 50% of rural and 20% of urban Indians cannot afford two balanced meals a day, revealing widespread food deprivation.This contrasts with the World Bank’s Poverty and Equity Brief, based on the 2024 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey, which claims extreme poverty fell from 16.2% in 2011-12 to 2.3% in 2022-23.

Even with Public Distribution System (PDS) support, food deprivation remained 40% in rural and 10% in urban areas, revealing deeper food insecurity than income-based poverty estimates.

Thali Index

Why is the Need to Restructure the PDS to Promote Equity in Primary Food Consumption?

Poverty Committees in India Based on Consumption

What Challenges Exist in Implementing Nutrition-sensitive PDS?

How can the PDS be Reformed to Ensure Equitable & Nutritious Food Access?

Conclusion

A reformed, nutrition-focused PDS is essential to bridge India’s hidden hunger gap. Strategic targeting, fiscal prudence, and dietary diversity must guide future interventions. Equity in food access is not just about distribution, it's about delivering dignity through nutrition.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Despite near-universal calorie sufficiency, India faces serious nutritional inequality. Critically examine the need to reform the Public Distribution System (PDS) and propose a brief roadmap for implementation.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’? (2017)

  1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
  2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
  3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
  4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only

(d) 3 and 4 only 

 Ans: (a)


Q. With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security Act, 2013, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The families coming under the category of ‘below poverty line (BPL)’ only are eligible to receive subsidised food grains.  
  2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card.  
  3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a ‘take-home ration’ of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only   

(d) 3 only  

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q: Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO. (2013)



Manual Scavenging in India

22-09-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India,  NAMASTE, Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge , Swachhta Abhiyan App, National Commission for Safai Karamchari

For Mains: Key challenges faced by manual scavengers and steps taken to address them. Additional measures needed to end manual scavenging.

Source:TH

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court (SC) of India has fined Delhi’s Public Works Department (PWD) Rs 5 lakh after labourers were found cleaning sewers outside its premises without protective gear. 

What are the SC’s Directives in Dr. Balram Singh v/s Union of India, 2023 Case?

What is Manual Scavenging?

What are India’s Initiatives to Curb Manual Scavenging? 

What are the Major Challenges Faced by Manual Scavengers?

What Measures can be Taken to End Manual Scavenging in India?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically examine the challenges in eliminating manual scavenging in India despite the existence of legal safeguards.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. ‘Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan’ is a national campaign to (2016)  

(a) rehabilitate the homeless and destitute persons and provide them with suitable sources of livelihood  

(b) release the sex workers from their practice and provide them with alternative sources of livelihood  

(c) eradicate the practice of manual scavenging and rehabilitate the manual scavengers  

(d) release the bonded labourers from their bondage and rehabilitate them  

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. What are the impediments in disposing of the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we safely remove the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (2018) 

Q. “To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing the water,sanitation and hygiene needs the identification of the beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with anticipated outcomes.” Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme. (2017)



Silver Economy

22-08-2025

For Prelims: Silver economy, United Nations Population Fund, Atal Pension Yojana, SACRED Portal  

For Mains: Demographic shifts and their socio-economic impact in India, Silver economy significance, and growth drivers in India.

Source: FE 

Why in News?

World Senior Citizen Day is celebrated every year on 21st August to acknowledge the contributions of senior citizens, raise awareness about the challenges they face globally, and highlight the growing importance of the silver economy.

Note: World Senior Citizen Day began in 1988 when US President Reagan designated 21st August to honor seniors and promote supportive policies. 

What is the Silver Economy? 

What are the Challenges in India’s Silver Economy? 

Challenges_in_India’s_Silver_Economy

What Reforms are Needed to Strengthen India’s Silver Economy? 

Drishti Mains Question: 

The silver economy presents a significant opportunity for India. Discuss the growth drivers and the challenges in harnessing this potential.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements with reference to Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): (2008)

  1. All persons of 60 years or above belonging to the households below poverty line in rural areas are eligible. 
  2. The Central Assistance under this Scheme is at the rate of `300 per month per beneficiary. Under the Scheme, States have been urged to give matching amounts. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: D 

Mains:

Q. Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of the policy process. Discuss. (2019)




SLINEX-25

22-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The 12th edition of the India-Sri Lanka bilateral naval exercise SLINEX-25 concluded successfully in Colombo. 

Sri_Lanka

Read more: India-Sri Lanka Relations 


Nepal Declared Rubella-Free

22-08-2025

Source: WHO 

The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared Nepal rubella-free, making it the first country in WHO’s South-East Asia Region to achieve this milestone. 

Rubella

India’s Progress Towards Rubella Elimination 

Read More: Measles and Rubella, National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign   


National Conference on Good Governance Practices

22-07-2025

Source: PIB 

The National Conference on Good Governance Practices was held in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, jointly organized by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) and the Odisha government, with a focus on governance innovation and grassroots impact. 

Read more: Decoding Good Governance 



National Flag Day 2025

22-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

India observed National Flag Day (Tiranga Adoption Day), on 22nd July 2025, to mark the anniversary of the Indian National Flag's official adoption by the Constituent Assembly in 1947. 

What are the Key Facts About the Indian National Flag? 

National_Flag 

Note: The National Flag in possession of the Archaeological Survey of India at Fort St George Museum in Chennai is known as the oldest surviving Indian national flag. It was hoisted at Fort St George in Chennai on 15th August 1947. 

What is the Flag Code of India, 2002? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Who among the following is associated with ‘Songs from Prison’, a translation of ancient Indian religious lyrics in English? (2021)

(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak 

(b) Jawaharlal Nehru 

(c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 

(d) Sarojini Naidu 

Ans: (c) 

Q. What is the number of spokes in the Dharmachakra in the National Flag of India? (2008) 

(a) 16  

(b) 18  

(c) 22  

(d) 24 

Ans: (d) 



Global Wetland Outlook 2025

22-07-2025

For Prelims: Ramsar Convention, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Sustainable Development Goals 

For Mains: Ramsar Convention and India’s commitments, Role of wetlands in achieving SDGs 

Source: DTE 

Why in News?

The Global Wetland Outlook (GWO) 2025, released by the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention (1971), highlights that Africa’s wetlands are among the most degraded in the world 

Note: The Ramsar Convention Secretariat is based in Gland, Switzerland. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) supports its operations by providing administrative services to the Convention’s member countries. 

What are the Key Takeaways from Global Wetland Outlook 2025? 

What are Wetlands? 

Wetlands

Ramsar_Convention

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the ecological and economic importance of wetlands. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Q. If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?(2014) 

(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference   

(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity  within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland   

(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed   

(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’  

Ans: (a)



Engagement Without Recognition: India's Taliban Policy

21-10-2025

For Prelims: Taliban, Northern Alliance, Golden CrescentHeart of Asia, SCO, Moscow Format  

For Mains:  India-Afghanistan Relations, Significance of India-Afghanistan Relations, Major Challenges facing India-Afghanistan Relations

Source: IE 

Why in News?

Afghanistan's Foreign Minister visited New Delhi, marking the highest-level Taliban visit since 2021, prompting India to upgrade its Kabul technical mission to a full embassy, without formally recognizing the Taliban government, maintaining its policy of “engagement without recognition.” 

What is India’s “Engagement Without Recognition” Approach to the Taliban Government? 

Global Approach Towards the Taliban Government in Afghanistan 

Why is India Engaging with the Taliban Despite Non-recognition? 

What is the Significance of India-Afghanistan Relations? 

India-Afghanistan

What are the Challenges Facing India-Afghanistan Relations? 

What Steps can Strengthen India’s Ties with Afghanistan? 

Conclusion 

India’s engagement with the Taliban balances strategic, humanitarian, and economic interests without granting formal recognition. While challenges like security risks, Pakistan’s influence, and governance issues persist, sustained, principled engagement ensures India remains a key partner in Afghanistan’s stability, development, and regional connectivity. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine India’s “engagement without recognition” policy towards the Taliban government and its strategic rationale.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): 

1. What is India’s “Engagement Without Recognition” approach to the Taliban? 
India maintains functional diplomatic channels via its embassy in Kabul without formally recognizing the Taliban government, ensuring aid, dialogue, and strategic interests continue. 

2. Why is India cautious in recognizing the Taliban government? 
Moral concerns, human rights violations, and the potential strengthening of extremist ideologies, along with geopolitical implications with Pakistan, deter formal recognition. 

3. Which steps can strengthen India-Afghanistan ties? 
Pragmatic diplomacy, counterterrorism cooperation, economic and trade connectivity, multilateral engagement, and advocacy for social and human rights. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following countries: (2022)

  1. Azerbaijan  
  2. Kyrgyzstan  
  3. Tajikistan  
  4. Turkmenistan  
  5. Uzbekistan  

Which of the above have borders with Afghanistan?

(a) 1, 2 and 5 only

(b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only

(c) 3, 4 and 5 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. The proposed withdrawal of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from Afghanistan in 2014 is fraught with major security implications for the countries of the region. Examine in light of the fact that India is faced with a plethora of challenges and needs to safeguard its own strategic interests. (2013)



United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management(UN-GGIM)

21-10-2025

Source: PIB 

India has been elected as the Co-Chair of the United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management for Asia and the Pacific (UN-GGIM-AP) for the 2025–2028 term. 

UN-GGIM 

Read more: United Nations World Geospatial Information Congress 


India- MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement

21-10-2025

For Prelims: Preferential Trade Agreement , MERCOSUR, World Trade Organization, European Union 

For Mains: India’s Preferential Trade Agreements, Strategic trade diversification and multipolar foreign trade policy 

Source: TH 

Why in News?

India and Brazil have announced a joint declaration to expand the India–MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA), strengthening India’s trade ties with Latin America, especially within the Mercosur bloc of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay.

What are the Key Highlights of India–Brazil Joint Declaration for Deepening of India-MERCOSUR PTA? 

What is MERCOSUR?

MERCOSUR

What is the Significance of India-MERCOSUR PTA? 

What are the Challenges in Expanding the India-MERCOSUR PTA? 

What Measures can Strengthen India-MERCOSUR PTA? 

Conclusion 

The expansion of the India-MERCOSUR PTA offers a strategic opportunity to deepen trade, diversify markets, and strengthen South–South cooperation. Addressing non-tariff barriers and agricultural sensitivities will be key to its success.

Read more: India's Diplomatic Shift to Latin America 

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically examine the significance of expanding the India-MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement in India’s foreign trade strategy.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is MERCOSUR? 
MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) is a Latin American trading bloc established by Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay in 1991 to promote free movement of goods, services, capital, and people. 

2. When was the India–MERCOSUR PTA signed and implemented? 
The PTA was signed in 2004 following a Framework Agreement in 2003 and came into effect in 2009, covering around 450 tariff lines. 

3. Why is the India–MERCOSUR PTA significant for India? 
It strengthens South–South cooperation, enhances market access in Latin America, supports exports in pharmaceuticals, engineering, and IT, and diversifies India’s trade portfolio beyond China and Europe.



OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034

21-07-2025

For Prelims: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Food and Agriculture Organization, Biofuels, Ethanol 

For Mains: Food Security vs. Biofuel Production, Impact of biofuel policies on food systems, Agricultural productivity  

Source: DTE 

Why in News? 

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034 report, offers a 10-year outlook on global agricultural and fish markets to guide evidence-based policymaking. 

What are the Global Market Trends According to OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034? 

How does the Rising Demand for Biofuels Impact Global Food Security? 

How Can Sustainable Biofuel and Food Security Policies Be Ensured? 

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)  

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss how the rising global demand for biofuels is creating trade-offs between food security.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)    

Prelims

Q. Given below are the names of four energy crops. Which one of them can be cultivated for ethanol? (2010)

(a) Jatropha    

(b) Maize    

(c) Pongamia    

(d) Sunflower    

Ans: (b)    

Q. According to India’s National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (2020)

  1. Cassava    
  2. Damaged wheat grains    
  3. Groundnut seeds    
  4. Horse gram    
  5. Rotten potatoes    
  6. Sugar beet    

Select the correct answer using the code given below:    

(a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only    

(b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only    

(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6    

Ans: (a)



FRA Cells Setup to Facilitate Forest Right Act

21-06-2025

For Prelims: Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, Forest-Dwellers, Minor Forest Produce (MFP), Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 (FCA) 

For Mains: Significance & Challenges Related to District-Level Forest Rights Act (FRA) Cells, Forest Rights Act, Challenges and Measures.  

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs, under the has sanctioned the setting up of 324 district-level Forest Rights Act (FRA) cells across 18 States/UTs to facilitate the implementation of the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 under Dharti Aba Janjati Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan (DAJGUA). 

What are District-Level Forest Rights Act (FRA) Cells? 

What is the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006? 

What is the Significance of the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006? 

More on Forest Rights Act, 2006 

What are the Key Challenges Related to Implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006? 

Click to Read: Key Challenges Related to Implementation of the FRA 2006 

What Steps Should be Taken for Strengthening Forest Rights Act Implementation? 

Click to Read: Steps for Strengthening Forest Rights Act Implementation 

 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the legal and administrative implications of creating FRA Cells under a Central scheme when the Forest Rights Act, 2006 mandates State-led implementation. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006?

(a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change  
(b) Ministry of Panchayati Raj  
(c) Ministry of Rural Development  
(d) Ministry of Tribal Affairs  

Ans: (d)  

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas.  
  2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.  
  3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only  
(c) 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)



51st G7 Summit

21-06-2025

Source: HT 

Why in News? 

India’s Prime Minister attended the 51st G7 Summit at Kananaskis, Canada. Though India is not a part of the G7 grouping, it has been invited for the global summit each year for the last six years and twelve times in total as an outreach country. 

What are the Key Outcomes of the G7 Summit? 

What is G7? 

 

Key_Achievements_of_G7

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (2020) 

(a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey 

(b) Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand 

(c) Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam 

(d) Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea 

Ans: (a)



Magna Carta: Blueprint for Democracy

21-06-2025

Source: IE 

The Magna Carta (1215) remains a cornerstone of constitutional governance even 810 years after its signing, with its rediscovery at Harvard University sparking renewed discussions on its lasting impact on human rights and the rule of law across the world. 

Magna Carta  

Read More: Salient Features of Indian Constitution 


Curbing Fake News in India

20-09-2025

For Prelims: Right to information,Article 19, Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre

For Mains: Regulatory frameworks for digital media in India, Challenges and implications of fake news for democracy and public order

Source:TH

Why in News?

The Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology in the Parliament has proposed several measures aimed at curbing the spread of ‘fake news’ and misinformation, highlighting the potential harm such content can cause to public order and democratic processes.

What are the Key Recommendations to Curb Fake News?

What is the Need to Curb Fake News?

What are the Challenges in Regulating Fake News?

What are India’s Initiatives to Prevent Spread of Fake News?

What Robust Mechanism can Strengthen Fake News Regulation in India?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine how India can balance freedom of speech and regulation of misinformation in the digital age.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (2014)



US Sanctions on Chabahar Port

20-09-2025

For Prelims: Chabahar Port, International North-South Transport Corridor, Indian Ports Global Limited, Strait of Hormuz, Belt and Road Initiative, Gulf of Oman

For Mains: Significance of Chabahar Port for India, Implications of the Revocation of Chabahar Port's Sanctions Waiver for India.

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Trump administration has revoked the sanctions waiver for Chabahar Port, affecting India’s access to Afghanistan and Central Asia and undermining its strategic position in the region. 

What are the Implications of Revoking Chabahar Port’s Sanctions Waiver for India?

Chabahar Port

Chabahar Port

What is the Significance of Chabahar Port for India? 

Conclusion

Chabahar Port remains central to India’s regional influence, trade prospects, and connectivity ambitions. Its role as a strategic counterweight offers enduring opportunities, despite challenges from US sanctions, regional instability, and competing projects.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the strategic importance of Chabahar Port for India and analyze the implications of US sanctions on its development.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India? (2017)

(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase.

(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.

(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.

(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India.

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. In what ways would the ongoing U.S-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? (2018)

Q. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyse India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries. (2017)



NE-SPARKS

20-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Union Minister of Development of North Eastern Region interacted with school students from the North Eastern Region (NER) who participated in the NE-SPARKS program.

NE-SPARKS

Read More: Northeast India From Frontier to Frontrunner



Bonnard Standard

20-09-2025

Source: IE

The Supreme Court (SC) of India has reaffirmed the Bonnard standard, emphasizing strict conditions for granting pre-trial injunctions in defamation cases, particularly involving journalists, to safeguard freedom of speech and public interest.

Bonnard Standard

Right to Freedom of Speech

Read More: Landmark Rulings Safeguarding Freedom of Press in India



Stray Dog Management in India: Balancing Public Safety and Animal Welfare

20-08-2025

For Prelims: Rabies, Article 21, Supreme Court of India, National Rabies Control Program 

For Mains: Balancing People Rights Vs Animal Welfare

Source: IE 

Why in News?

The Supreme Court (SC) of India issued a suo motu directive to remove stray dogs in the National Capital Region (NCR), following tragic attacks on children. 

Menace of Stray Dog in India

What are the Legal and Policy Frameworks for Stray Dogs Management in India? 

What are the Key Ethical Aspects Surrounding Stray Dog Management? 

Ethical Frameworks Guiding Stray Dog Management 

Best Practices in Stray Dog Management 

What Measures Should Be Taken to Balance Public Safety and Animal Welfare? 

Conclusion 

The ethical responsibility to protect animals must be aligned with society’s duty to safeguard its citizens. By fostering compassion, implementing effective policies, and engaging in public awareness campaigns, India can build a future where both human and animal rights are respected, ensuring peaceful coexistence. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the Ethical dimensions in Balancing Public Safety and Animal Welfare in the Context of Stray Dog Population Control.




Kerala Model for Sustainable Urbanisation in India

19-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

Kerala is the first State in India to set up an Urban Policy Commission (KUPC) with a 25-year roadmap to manage rapid urbanisation sustainably. 

What are the Key Recommendations of the KUPC Report for Sustainable Urbanisation?

Urbanisation in India

Urban_Development_Initiatives

What Measures Can the Kerala Model Offer for India’s Urban Planning?

Smart Cities Mission

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. India’s urban planning must shift from bureaucratic inertia to participatory and place-based governance. Discuss

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Mains:

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)



Swachhata Hi Seva 2025

19-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Government of India launched the Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) 2025 campaign, conducting cleanliness drives nationwide.

Swachh Bharat Mission(SBM)

Read more: Making Swachh Bharat Mission A Reality



Stubble Burning in India

19-09-2025

For Prelims: Environment Protection Act, 1986 (EPA), Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Act, 2021, Southwest Monsoon, Volatile Organic Compounds, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, MSP, Biofuel, Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization, Biochar.

For Mains: Impacts of stubble burning, reasons behind it, methods for recycling and reuse, and potential solutions for mitigation.

Source: TH  

Why in News?

To address the Delhi pollution crisis, the Supreme Court directed Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh to fill State Pollution Control Board vacancies within three months and urged the Union Government to impose penal measures against stubble burning.

What is Stubble Burning?

Stubble_Burning_Effects

What are the Challenges in Controlling Stubble Burning in India?

India's Initiatives to Tackle Stubble Burning

What Strategies can India Adopt to Curb Stubble Burning?

Conclusion

Stubble burning remains a significant environmental and health challenge in North India, driven by crop patterns, limited alternatives, and climate variability. Combating it requires a multi-pronged approach, combining technological interventions, financial incentives, regulatory measures, and local innovations to ensure sustainable residue management, reduce air pollution, and protect soil fertility.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Analyze the various factors that perpetuate the practice of stubble burning in North-West India despite the availability of technological solutions and government interventions.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following agricultural practices: (2012)

  1. Contour bunding 
  2. Relay cropping 
  3. Zero tillage 

In the context of global climate change, which of the above helps/help in carbon sequestration/storage in the soil? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 3 

(d) None of them 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. What are the major factors responsible for making the rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success, how has this system become bane in India? (2020)

Q. Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (2015)



India-AI Impact Summit 2026

19-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) has revealed the official logo and key flagship initiatives for the India-AI Impact Summit February 2026. This event marks a historic occasion as it is the first time a Global South nation will host the summit.

India-AI Impact Summit 2026

India-AI_Impact_Summit_CHAKRAS

India's_AI_Projects

Read more: India’s AI Revolution



PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana

19-07-2025

For Prelims: Union Budget 2025–26, Aspirational Districts Programme, Minimum Support Price, Agricultural Infrastructure Fund

For Mains: Government schemes for agricultural development, Data-driven governance in rural transformation, Agricultural infrastructure and value chain development

Source:TH

Why in News?

The Union Cabinet has approved the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY), a major initiative aimed at transforming Indian agriculture. Originally announced in the Union Budget 2025–26, the scheme has an annual outlay of Rs 24,000 crore for six years, starting from 2025–26.  

What is the PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana? 

PM_Dhan-Dhaanya_Krishi_Yojana

Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) 

What are India's Initiatives Promoting Agricultural Productivity in India? 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss how the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana aims to transform agriculture in underperforming districts.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Mains

Q. Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How have these revolutions helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (2017)

Q. Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). (2016)




Rising Cyber Frauds in India

19-07-2025

For Prelims: Cybercrime, Digital arrest, Information Technology Act, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, Indian Computer Emergency Response Team, National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre, Cyber Swachhta Kendra, Ransomware attack, Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. 

For Mains: Current Framework for Cyber Security in India, Key Emerging Cyber Threats Affecting India's Digital Landscape. 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), a unit under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), has reported a sharp surge in financial cyber frauds targeting Indian citizens, primarily originating from Southeast Asian countries. 

What is the State of Financial Cyber Frauds in India as per I4C Analysis? 

Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) 

What are Cyber Frauds? 

Cyber Fraud/ Threats 

Description 

Digital Arrests 

Impersonating authorities (police or income tax officers) to extort money. 

Online Job/Task-Based Scams 

Fake work-from-home offers with upfront payments. 

Malware 

Malware is used to steal personal information that allows cyber criminals to gain control of a victim's computer. 

Ransomware 

Ransomware encrypts a victim's files and demands payment for decryption. E.g., WannaCry attack in 2016 

Phishing 

Phishing involves emails that appear to be from trusted sources, tricking users into clicking links that lead to fake websites and attackers gaining sensitive details e.g., credit card numbers.  

Cyberbullying 

Cyberbullying includes any threat to a person’s safety, coercion to say or do anything. 

Cyber Spying 

Cyber Spying targets a public or private entity’s network to gain access to classified data, private information, or intellectual property. 

Business Email Compromise (BEC)  

Scammers hack legitimate email accounts to impersonate suppliers, employees, or tax office members, considered a white-collar crime. 

Dating Hoodwinks 

Hackers use dating websites, chat rooms, and online dating apps to pose as potential partners and gain access to personal data.  

ATM/PoS Frauds 

Skimming card details or unauthorized transactions. 

What are the Key Emerging Cyber Threats Affecting India's Digital Landscape?  

Click Here to Read: Emerging Cyber Threats in India 

What are the Key Initiatives Related to Cybersecurity? 

Cybersecurity 

What Measures Should be Taken to Strengthen Cybersecurity Frameworks in India? 

Conclusion 

The rise of financial cyber frauds in India highlights the urgent need for strengthened cybersecurity measures and enhanced public awareness. While initiatives play a crucial role in combating cyber threats, the evolving nature of cybercrimes demands continuous adaptation of legal, technological, and institutional frameworks. By addressing systemic gaps and fostering digital literacy, India can mitigate the risks associated with cyber fraud and ensure a safer digital ecosystem for its citizens. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

What are the key cybersecurity challenges in India? Suggest comprehensive measures to strengthen India's cybersecurity framework? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)   

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer   
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so   
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion   
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit   

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only   

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 2 and 3 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   

Ans: (b)  

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)   

  1. Service providers   
  2. Data centres   
  3. Body corporate   

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 only   

(b) 1 and 2 only   

(c) 3 only   

(d) 1, 2 and 3   

Ans: (d)  


Mains 

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



US Lists ‘The Resistance Front’ as Global Terrorist Organization

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

India welcomed the US decision to officially designate The Resistance Front (TRF) as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) group. 

Note: After the Pahalgam attack, India launched a diplomatic push urging global action against TRF.  

What is the ‘The Resistance Front’ (TRF)? 

Lashkar-e-Taiba 

Note: UAPA 1967 designates terrorist organizations or individuals, criminalizes terrorist activities, and empowers authorities for investigation and prosecution. 

Prominent India-Centric Terror Organizations in Pakistan 

Name 

About 

Status in India as per the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) 

Along with LET, it was responsible for the 2001 attack on the Indian parliament. 

Banned 

Harakat-ul Jihad Islami (HUJI) 

Initially formed to fight the Soviet army, later redirected efforts toward India. It operates in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India, seeking annexation of Kashmir into Pakistan. 

Banned 

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM) 

Operates mainly from Pak-Occupied Kashmir and some Pakistani cities. 

Banned 

Hizb-ul Mujahideen 

The militant wing of Pakistan’s largest Islamist political party, and is one of the largest and oldest militant groups operating in Jammu and Kashmir. 

Banned 

Al Qaeda 

Operates primarily from former Federally Administered Tribal Areas in  Karachi, and Afghanistan. 

Banned 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims:

Q.‘Hand-in-Hand 2007’ a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of Army of which one of the following countries? (2008)  

(a) China   

(b) Japan  

(c) Russia   

(d) USA  

Ans: (a) 


Mains

Q. Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (2019)



PM Virasat Ka Samvardhan (VIKAS) Scheme

19-07-2025

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Minority Affairs (MoMA) launched a skill training and women entrepreneurship development project under the Pradhan Mantri Virasat Ka Samvardhan (PM VIKAS) scheme. 

What is PM-VIKAS Scheme? 

Schemes Related to Upliftment of Minority Communities  

Schemes Related to Skill Development, Entrepreneurship and Training 



Gujarat's Banni Grasslands Ready for Cheetah Reintroduction

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Banni Grasslands in Gujarat, a designated site under Project Cheetah, is now ready for cheetah reintroduction with a 600-hectare enclosure, rising herbivore populations, and necessary infrastructure. 

Banni Grasslands 

Cheetah 

Cheetah

Grassland_of the _World

Read More: One Year of Project Cheetah 


India’s First Digital Nomad Village

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Yakten, a village in Sikkim’s Pakyong district, has been officially declared India’s first digital nomad village under the ‘Nomad Sikkim’ initiative. 

Read More: India's First Organic Fisheries Cluster in Sikkim 


Operation Sindhu Evacuation from Iran

19-06-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

India announced launching ‘Operation Sindhu’ to evacuate Indian nationals from Iran through Armenia as fears of an all-out Israeli-American military strikes on Iran increased. 

 

What Makes Armenia Strategically Important for Operation Sindhu? 

What are Other Key Indian Evacuation Operations? 

Operation 

Year 

Location 

Context 

Operation Kaveri 

2023 

Sudan 

Evacuation during violent military clashes 

Operation Ajay 

2023 

Israel 

Evacuation during the Israel–Hamas conflict 

Operation Ganga 

2022 

Ukraine 

Evacuation during the Russia-Ukraine war 

Operation Devi Shakti 

2021 

Afghanistan 

Evacuation after Taliban takeover 

Operation Samudra Setu 

2020 

Various (via sea) 

Evacuation during Covid-19 pandemic (Vande Bharat Mission) 

Operation Raahat 

2015 

Yemen 

Evacuation during civil conflict 

Operation Safe Homecoming 

2011 

Libya 

Evacuation during civil war in Arab Spring 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Mediterranean Sea is a border of which of the following countries? (2017)

  1. Jordan  
  2. Iraq  
  3. Lebanon  
  4. Syria  

Select the correct answer using the code given below 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 3 and 4 only  

(d) 1, 3 and 4 only  

Ans: (c)  

Q. The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2018)

(a) China  

(b) Israel  

(c) Iraq  

(d) Yemen  

Ans: (b)



Ayushman Bharat and Universal Health Coverage

18-10-2025

For Prelims: National Health Authority, Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, ABHA number, National Health Protection Scheme, Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres.                                                     

For Mains: Role of Ayushman Bharat in advancing Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India. Reasons for private hospital dominance in government-sponsored health schemes. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Care Strengthening. 

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The National Health Authority’s (NHA) Annual Report 2024–25 has revealed that under the Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) while government hospitals make up the majority of empanelled institutions, most beneficiaries are actually availing treatment in private hospitals, often at higher costs.

What are the Key Findings Regarding the AB-PMJAY? 

What is Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana? 

Benefits_Under_Ayushman_Bharat_Yojana

What are the Key Issues Hindering Universal Health Coverage in India? 

What Measures can be Adopted to Achieve Universal Health Coverage in India? 

Conclusion 

AB PM-JAY has significantly advanced Universal Health Coverage by providing massive financial protection and reducing out-of-pocket expenditure. However, its success highlights a critical challenge: the overwhelming patient preference for private healthcare, underscoring the need to enhance the quality and capacity of public health infrastructure for sustainable equity. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss how the Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) contributes to achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is AB-PMJAY? 
AB-PMJAY is India’s flagship health insurance scheme providing Rs 5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care, aiming to achieve Universal Health Coverage for vulnerable populations. 

2. Why do people prefer private hospitals under AB-PMJAY? 
Private hospitals are preferred due to advanced technology, better infrastructure, specialist availability, attentive care, and faster access, despite only 45% of empanelled hospitals being private. 

3. How does AB-PMJAY promote gender equity? 
49% of Ayushman cards are issued to women, and 3.61 crore hospitalizations have supported female beneficiaries, ensuring inclusive healthcare access. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of ‘ASHA’, a trained community health worker? (2012)

  1. Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkup
  2. Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
  3. Providing information on nutrition and immunization.
  4. Conducting the delivery of baby

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. The public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? (2015)



India-Mongolia Strategic Partnership

18-10-2025

For Prelims: Mongolia, Critical Minerals, Rare Earths Elements, Coking Coal, Gobi Desert, Snow Leopard, Musk Deer, Nomadic Elephant, Khaan Quest

For Mains: Dynamics of India-Mongolia Strategic Partnership, Buddhist diplomacy, Role of soft power and development partnerships in India's engagement with resource-rich, landlocked nations. 

Source: IE

Why in News?

The President of Mongolia undertook a State Visit to India, commemorating the 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations and the 10th anniversary of the Strategic Partnership between the two nations.

What are the Key Outcomes of the President of Mongolia Visit to India? 

Mongolia

Mongolia

What is the Status of India-Mongolia Relations? 

What Factors are Impeding a Stronger India–Mongolia Partnership? 

What Measures can India Adopt to Deepen its Ties with Mongolia? 

Conclusion 

The President of Mongolia’s state visit to India reinforced a decade-long strategic partnership, advancing defence, energy, economic, cultural, and skill development cooperation. With landmark initiatives like the USD 1.7 billion Oil Refinery Project, capacity-building for border security, and cultural exchanges, the visit strengthened bilateral trust, regional engagement, and people-to-people ties.

Drishti Mains Question:

"India's relationship with Mongolia is a unique blend of deep civilizational kinship and modern strategic pragmatism." Elucidate with reference to recent developments.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Where is Mongolia located? 
Mongolia is a landlocked country in Asia, between Russia to the north and China to the south. 

2. What cultural collaborations exist between India and Mongolia? 
Initiatives include sending Buddhist relics, a Sanskrit teacher to Gandan Monastery, digitizing manuscripts, linking Nalanda University, and MoUs like Ladakh-Arkhangai cultural cooperation. 

3. How do India and Mongolia cooperate in defence? 
Through capacity-building programmes for border forces, training initiatives, a Defence Attaché, and joint exercises like Nomadic Elephant and Khaan Quest. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. “Climate is extreme, rainfall is scanty and the people used to be nomadic herders.” (2013)

The above statement best describes which of the following regions? 

(a) African Savannah 

(b) Central Asian Steppe 

(c) North American Prairie  

(d) Siberian Tundra 

Ans: (b) 



India-Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor

18-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), unveiled at the 2023 G20 Summit, aims to link India with Europe through the Middle East. 

What is India-Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor? 

IMEC

What are the Key Challenges to the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)? 

What Strategies can India Adopt to Ensure Successful Implementation of the IMEC? 

Conclusion 

IMEC offers India a strategic pathway to diversify trade, strengthen connectivity with Europe and the Middle East, and enhance export competitiveness. While challenges persist, coordinated engagement, robust infrastructure, and technological integration can unlock significant economic opportunities, positioning India as a key driver of prosperity across the corridor.

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically examine the strategic and economic significance of the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) for India.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)? 
IMEC is a multi-modal connectivity initiative launched at the G20 Summit 2023 to link India, the Middle East, and Europe via ports, railways, energy pipelines, and digital infrastructure.

2. Which countries are signatories of IMEC? 
India, US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, France, Germany, Italy, and the European Union are the current IMEC signatories.

3. What are the strategic benefits of IMEC for India? 
IMEC reduces logistics costs (~30%) and transport time (~40%) versus the Suez Canal, enhances export competitiveness, supports India’s OSOWOG energy goals, and strengthens engagement under the Act West policy.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q. ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2016)

(a) African Union
(b) Brazil
(c) European Union
(d) China

Ans: (d)



Major Announcements on India’s 79th Independence Day

18-08-2025

Source: HT  

On India’s 79th Independence Day, Prime Minister announced key initiatives to drive the nation toward developed status by 2047. 

Major Announcements 

Read more: Red Fort: Venue for the India’s Independence Day Celebration 



Key Sports Related Bills Passed in Parliament

18-08-2025

Source: TH

Parliament has passed 2 key legislations, the National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 and the National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill, 2025 aimed at reforming sports governance and strengthening anti-doping measures in India.

National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 

Note: 

National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill, 2025 

Read More:  National Sports Policy 2025, World Anti-Doping Report 2022. 


Right to Peace Over Noise

18-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Madras High Court has ruled that religious gatherings, which include loud public prayers, cannot be held in residential premises without prior permission from the District Collector. 

Read more: Regulating Right to Freedom of Religion 


Just Transition in the Global Plastics Treaty

18-07-2025

For Prelims: Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee, India Plastics Pact, Project REPLAN , GoLitter Partnerships Project  

For Mains: Just Transition, Environmental Governance and Multilateral Agreements, Inclusive Development and Vulnerable Sections 

Source:DTE 

Why in News?  

The negotiations for the Global Plastics Treaty initiated under the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) resolution 5/14 (March 2022), have brought attention to the need for a Just Transition ensuring that efforts to end plastic pollution are both environmentally sustainable and socially fair. 

Note: The INC, set up by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) under the UNEA resolution 5/14, is tasked with creating a legally binding treaty to tackle plastic pollution across its full life cycle.  

Why is the Inclusion of 'Just Transition' Critical in the Global Plastics Treaty? 

Where do Countries Stand on Just Transition in the Global Plastics Treaty? 

Global Plastic Pollution 

Plastic Pollution in India 

What Should be the Roadmap for Operationalizing Just Transition within the Global Plastics Treaty? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the significance of integrating 'Just Transition' into the Global Plastics Treaty. How can it address both environmental and social inequalities?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)   

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2016)

 

Terms sometimes seen in the news 

Their origin 

1. 

Annex-I Countries 

Cartagena Protocol 

2. 

Certified Emissions Reductions 

Nagoya Protocol 

3. 

Clean Development Mechanism 

Kyoto Protocol 

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 

Q. In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998   
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999   
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011   
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011   

Ans: (c)


Mains:

Q: What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (2018) 



Tea Board of India

18-06-2025

Source: BL 

The Tea Board of India has amended the pan-India auction rules under the Bharat Auction model, based on key recommendations of the Ramaseshan Committee, aiming to enhance price discovery and protect seller interests in the tea sector. 

Key Agricultural Boards in India:  

Board 

Constituted Under 

Headquarters 

Tea Board 

Tea Act, 1953 

Kolkata 

Coffee Board 

Coffee Act, 1942 

Bangalore 

Rubber Board 

Rubber Act, 1947 

Kottayam, Kerala 

Spices Board 

Spices Board Act, 1986 

Kochi, Kerala 

Tobacco Board 

Tobacco Board Act, 1975 

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 

National Turmeric Board 

Not a statutory body 

Nizamabad, Telangana 

Makhana Board 

- 

Bihar (Proposed) 

Read More: Need of Reforms in Tea Industry 




PM-WANI Scheme

18-06-2025

Source: BL

Why in News?  

The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has prescribed a cap on tariffs charged to Public Data Offices (PDOs) under the PM-WANI scheme, in order to keep public Wi-Fi affordable, while also providing reasonable compensation for the broadband connection to service providers. 

What is the PM-WANI Scheme? 

 

What are the Government Initiatives for Enhancing Broadband Connectivity? 

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following: (2022)

  1. Aarogya Setu  
  2. CoWIN  
  3. DigiLocker  
  4. DIKSHA  

Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only  
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only  
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4  

Ans: (d)



India-Australia Clean Energy Partnership

17-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Australia  is engaging with India at a crucial time as both nations aim to achieve ambitious renewable energy goals while reducing reliance on China for critical materials amid global supply chain vulnerabilities.

What is the Need to Scale Up Australia-India Clean Energy Partnership? 

What are India's Strategic Global Partnerships for Clean Energy Transition? 

Renewable Energy in India 

India's Panchamitra Plan

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the significance of the India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership in addressing climate change and supply chain vulnerabilities.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP)? 
REP is a bilateral initiative launched in 2024 focusing on solar PV, green hydrogen, energy storage, and capacity building to strengthen clean energy collaboration. 

2. What is the status of renewable energy capacity in India? 
Total capacity reached 220.10 GW, with solar at 105.65 GW, wind at 50.04 GW, bioenergy at 11.58 GW, and small hydro at 5.10 GW. 

3. Why is overdependence on China a challenge for India and Australia? 
China refines over 90% of rare earth elements and produces 80% of global solar modules, creating risks in EV, wind, and solar sectors for both countries. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims 

Q. Which one of the following is the purpose of ‘UDAY’, a scheme of the Government? (2016)

(a) Providing technical and financial assistance to start-up entrepreneurs in the field of renewable sources of energy  

(b) Providing electricity to every household in the country by 2018  

(c) Replacing the coal-based power plants with natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind and tidal power plants over a period of time  

(d) Providing for financial turnaround and revival of power distribution companies  

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)

Q. Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problem of conventional energy. (2013)



Green Crackers

17-10-2025

Source:TH 

The Supreme Court of India has relaxed the year-long blanket ban on fireworks in Delhi-NCR, allowing the sale and use of green crackers approved by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) and Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) during Deepavali 2025 

Read more: Green Crackers 


Moran Community

17-09-2025

Source: IE

The Moran community in Assam’s Tinsukia district—an area rich in oil, coal, and tea—has launched an economic blockade, stopping the movement of goods to and from the region to press their demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status.

Read More: PRC to Moran Community



Supreme Court’s Interim Order on the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

17-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court (SC) of India has stayed certain provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Act 2025, amid concerns that it violates Article 26, undermines community autonomy through excessive administrative powers and non-Muslim representation on Waqf Boards, and may impact existing Waqf properties and philanthropy.

What is Waqf Act, 1995? 

Waqf Board

What are the Key Contentious Provisions of the Waqf Amendment Act, 2025 and the Supreme Court’s Stance on it?

Key Judicial Pronouncements Regarding Religious Freedom in India

Conclusion

The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 aspires to bring reforms, yet it also raises genuine concerns over autonomy and rights. The Supreme Court’s interim order seeks to carefully balance the reform process with constitutional safeguards. The way forward should focus on fostering transparency and accountability, while preserving the spirit of religious freedom and trust among communities

Read more:  Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. How does the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 aim to modernise Waqf administration, and what challenges does it face?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Mains

Q. How is the Indian concept of secularism different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (2018)



Quality Control Orders

17-09-2025

For Prelims: Bureau of Indian Standards, Quality Control Orders, World Trade Organization

For Mains: Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in India, Measures to balance quality assurance and industry competitiveness.

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The rapid increase in Quality Control Orders (QCOs) issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) over the past three years has drawn criticism from micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), which view these mandatory QCOs regulations as costly and restrictive to their operations.

What are Quality Control Orders (QCOs)?

What are the Challenges Related to Quality Control Orders (QCOs)?

Steps Taken by BIS to Address Current Challenges Regarding QCOs

What Measures are Needed to Ensure Effective Implementation of QCOs?

Conclusion

Effective QCO implementation requires a synergy of regulatory clarity, digital facilitation, financial relief, and active engagement with MSMEs. These measures not only reduce compliance burdens but also strengthen the domestic quality ecosystem, boost consumer trust, and support the objectives of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the significance of Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in strengthening India’s domestic quality ecosystem and protecting consumer interests.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes.
  2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: A



4 Members Nominated to Rajya Sabha

17-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The President of India has nominated 4 persons (Harsh Vardhan Shringla, Ujjwal Nikam, Meenakshi Jain, and C. Sadanandan Master) to the Rajya Sabha under the category of 12 seats reserved for distinguished experts in literature, science, art, and social service. 

Key Facts About 4 Nominated Personalities to Rajya Sabha 

What is the Procedure of Elections for Members to the Rajya Sabha? 

Cross-Voting & Legal Safeguards 

Special Powers to Rajya Sabha 

More Related Articles 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Rajya Sabha has equal powers with Lok Sabha in: (2020)

A. the matter of creating new All India Services
B. amending the Constitution
C. the removal of the government 
D. making cut motion 

Ans: (B) 

Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. A Bill pending in the Lok Sabha lapses on its prorogation. 
  2. A Bill pending in the Rajya Sabha, which has not been passed by the Lok Sabha shall not lapse on dissolution of the Lok Sabha. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2 
D. Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (B) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2015)

  1. The Rajya Sabha has no power either to reject or to amend a Money Bill. 
  2. The Rajya Sabha cannot vote on the Demands for Grants. 
  3. The Rajya Sabha cannot discuss the Annual Financial Statement. 

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? 

A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only 
D. 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (B)



Chhattisgarh Forest Department Withdraws CFRR Directive

17-07-2025

For Prelims: Community Forest Resource Rights, National Working Plan Code 2023, Minor Forest Produce, Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan 

For Mains: Community Forest Resource Rights, Environmental conservation, Forest governance and management 

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Chhattisgarh Forest Department withdrew its directive that had designated itself as the nodal agency for implementing Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR) under the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006.  

What are Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR)? 

Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 

What is the National Working Plan Code, 2023 and How does it Conflict with the CFRR? 

What Steps are Needed to Ensure Effective CFRR Implementation? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the role of the Gram Sabha in forest governance underCommunity Forest Resource Rights. How can the autonomy of Gram Sabhas be strengthened in the face of bureaucratic resistance?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006?

(a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change  
(b) Ministry of Panchayati Raj  
(c) Ministry of Rural Development  
(d) Ministry of Tribal Affairs  

Ans: (d)  

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas.  
  2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.  
  3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only  
(c) 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)  

Q. If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (2022)

(a) This would prevent the transfer of land of tribal people to non-tribal people.  
(b) This would create a local self-governing body in that area.  
(c) This would convert that area into a Union Territory.  
(d) The State having such areas would be declared a Special Category State.  

Ans: (a)



India’s PM Historic Visit to Cyprus

17-06-2025

Source: TH 

India’s Prime Minister’s visit to Cyprus — the first by an Indian Prime Minister in 23 years — marks a significant step in bolstering bilateral relations, with a focus on energy security, counterterrorism cooperation, and India-EU strategic alignment. 

Read More: Cyprus as a Tax Haven 


Shipki La Pass

17-06-2025

Source: TH 

Shipki La Pass (3,930m) in Himachal’s Kinnaur district, along the India-China border has been opened to domestic tourists to boost borderland economies, enhance strategic connectivity, and promote cultural tourism. 

Shipki La Pass 

Mountain Passes 

Mountain_Passes

Read More: China and Bhutan Meet to Delimit Boundary 


“Fare Se Fursat” Fixed Airfare Scheme

16-10-2025

Source: PIB 

The Minister of Civil Aviation, launched a new initiative titled "Fare Se Fursat", a fixed airfare scheme by India’s government-owned regional carrier, Alliance Air. 

India’s Aviation Sector 

Read More: Regional Connectivity Scheme-Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) 




Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

16-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

Delhi’s Air Quality Index (AQI) reaching the ‘Poor’ category prompted the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) to invoke Stage-I of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) across the National Capital Region (NCR) to prevent further deterioration in air quality. 

What is a Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)? 

GRAP

Air Quality Index 

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) 

Air_Pollutants

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)? 
GRAP is a graded framework notified in 2017 to tackle rising air pollution in Delhi-NCR through stage-wise actions based on AQI levels.

2. Who implements GRAP in Delhi-NCR? 
The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) implements GRAP in coordination with the MoEFCC and state governments. 

3. What are the four stages of GRAP? 
Stage I – Poor, Stage II – Very Poor, Stage III – Severe, and Stage IV – Severe+, with progressively stricter pollution control measures.

4. What is the National Air Quality Index (AQI)? 
The AQI, launched under the Swachh Bharat Mission, uses the concept of “One Number – One Colour – One Description” to simplify air quality data for the public.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of the Air Quality Index? (2016)

  1. Carbon dioxide 
  2. Carbon monoxide 
  3. Nitrogen dioxide 
  4. Sulfur dioxide 
  5. Methane 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 4 and 5 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (b)



Annual Licensing Policy for Opium Cultivation for 2025-26

16-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Union Government has announced the annual licensing policy for opium poppy cultivation in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh for 2025-26, increasing eligible farmers to 1.21 lakh.

Annual Licensing Policy for Opium Cultivation for 2025-26

What is Opium Poppy?



Positioning India in Global Power Dynamics

16-09-2025

For Prelims: Human Development Index, Quad, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), Non-Aligned Movement

For Mains: India’s aspiration for Great Power status and its limitations, India’s Strategic Autonomy Approach, Major Challenges Linked to India’s Pursuit of Strategic Autonomy.

Source: TH

Why in News? 

India, as it grows as the world’s fastest-growing economy, faces debates over its great power aspirations, with critics highlighting weak strategy and its limited global influence when compared to China and the US.

What are the Key Constraints Hindering India’s Global Power Aspirations?

What are the Key Foundations Supporting India’s Aspiration to Become a Global Power?

How Should India Navigate Evolving Global Power Dynamics?

Conclusion

India’s journey from famine to food security, from Non-Alignment to balancing great power rivalries, and from industrial laggard to digital innovator, is a story of steady evolution. In a world shaped by technology, civilisational resilience, and multipolar cooperation, India is positioning itself not as a follower, but as a shaper of the new order in the emerging multipolar world.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Is India’s “big economy–low per capita” paradox limiting its global power? Discuss.

Q. Is India’s “strategic autonomy” an asset or a liability in global geopolitics? Discuss.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains

Q. “With the waning of globalization, the post-Cold War world is becoming a site of sovereign nationalism.” Elucidate. (2025)

Q. At the international level, bilateral relations between most nations are governed on the policy of promoting one’s own national interest without any regard for the interest of other nations. This leads to conflicts and tension between nations. How can ethical consideration help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific examples. (2015)

Q. ‘The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order.’ Elaborate. (2019)



SC Issues DNA Evidence Guidelines in Criminal Cases

16-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

In the Kattavellai@Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu case 2025, the Supreme Court (SC) issued guidelines to ensure the integrity of DNA evidence in criminal investigations. 

What are the Key SC Guidelines on DNA Evidence Handling?

What are the Key Issues Involved in DNA Evidence Management?

Judicial Stand on DNA Evidence Admissibility 

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s guidelines in Kattavellai @ Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2025) ensure uniformity, scientific validity, and integrity of DNA evidence in criminal cases. Proper documentation, timely transportation, preservation, and chain of custody are critical to prevent contamination and strengthen the probative value of DNA as opinion evidence under the law.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the significance of the Supreme Court’s guidelines in maintaining the integrity of DNA evidence in criminal investigations.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: DNA Barcoding can be a tool to:(2022)

1.assess the age of a plant or animal.

2.distinguish among species that look alike.

3.identify undesirable animal or plant materials in processed foods.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 2

(d) 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Q. With reference to the recent developments in science, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2019)

(a) Functional chromosomes can be created by joining segments of DNA taken from cells of different species.

(b) Pieces of artificial functional DNA can be created in laboratories.

(c) A piece of DNA taken out from an animal cell can be made to replicate outside a living cell in a laboratory.

(d) Cells taken out from plants and animals can be made to undergo cell division in laboratory petri dishes.

Ans: (a)



RBI’s FREE-AI Committee Report

16-08-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Artificial Intelligence, Digital public infrastructure, MuleHunter AI 

For Mains: Role of Artificial Intelligence in India’s financial sector, Balancing innovation and consumer protection in digital finance

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released the Framework for Responsible and Ethical Enablement of Artificial Intelligence (FREE-AI) Committee Report. It calls for 7 guiding sutras to promote responsible AI use in the financial sector while balancing innovation and risk mitigation. 

What are the RBI’s 7 Sutras for AI adoption Under FREE-AI? 

RBI’s_ 7 Sutras_ for AI adoption              

What Can be the Significance of AI in Finance? 

What are the Challenges of AI in Finance? 

India’s Policy Developments on AI in Finance  

What are the RBI’s Recommendations for AI in Finance? 

Conclusion 

The FREE-AI framework outlines how AI can be responsibly and ethically adopted in India’s financial sector, offering a roadmap for regulators, financial institutions, and technology providers to harness AI’s potential effectively. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the significance of the Reserve Bank of India’s “Seven Sutras” in balancing innovation with ethical safeguards in the adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the financial sector.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units  
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs  
  3. Disease diagnosis  
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion  
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy  

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only    

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5   

Ans: (b) 


Mains: 

Q. Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023)




Semiconductor Industry in India

16-08-2025

For Prelims: India Semiconductor Mission, Development of Semiconductors and Display Manufacturing Ecosystems in India, Semiconductor Fab. 

For Mains: India’s Semiconductor Industry, India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), Importance of Semiconductor Fabrication, Challenges and Way Forward 

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Union Cabinet approved 4 new semiconductor projects in Odisha, Punjab, and Andhra Pradesh under the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), bringing the total to 10 projects  across 6 states. 

What are the Key Trends and Opportunities Shaping the Growth of India's Semiconductor Market? 

Semiconductor Market Size in India

Significance of Semiconductors 

What is the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)? 

Initiatives to Promote India’s Semiconductor Industry in India 

What are the Key Challenges to India’s Semiconductor Industry? 

What Steps Should India Take to Strengthen Its Semiconductor Industry? 

Conclusion 

India’s semiconductor sector is growing rapidly, driven by ISM, PLI, and SEMICON India, rising domestic demand, and global partnerships. Strengthening infrastructure, technology, and skills will be key to making India a global hub for semiconductor manufacturing and design. 

Semiconductors

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the growth potential of India’s semiconductor sector and suggest measures to overcome key challenges for self-reliance.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. Which one of the following laser types is used in a laser printer? (2008)

(a) Dye laser  
(b) Gas laser  
(c) Semiconductor laser  
(d) Excimer laser  

Ans: (c)

Q. With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in photovoltaic units.  
  2. The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 only  
(c) Both 1 and 2  
(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. Why is nanotechnology one of the key technologies of the 21st century? Describe the salient features of Indian Government’s Mission on Nanoscience and Technology and the scope of its application in the development process of the country. (2016)



State Health Regulatory Excellence Index

16-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The Union Health Ministry has launched the State Health Regulatory Excellence Index (SHRESTH). 

Read more: Reforming India's Pharmaceutical Sector 


Income Tax Bill, 2025

16-08-2025

Source: IE

Both houses of the Parliament passed the Income Tax Bill, 2025, which seeks to simplify, rationalise, and shorten the existing Income Tax 1961 Act. 

Income Tax 

Read more:  Challenges and Reforms in India’s Taxation System 


India Achieves 50% Non-Fossil Fuel Power Capacity

16-07-2025

Source: PIB  

India’s non-fossil fuel power capacity has reached 242.78 GW out of 484.82 GW total installed capacity, 5 years ahead of its 2030 target under the Paris Agreement's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Non-Fossil Fuels: 

Total_Installed _Eectricity_capacity

Key Initiatives Driving the Growth of India’s Renewable Energy Capacity: 

Read More: India’s Renewable Energy Revolution 


Dowry Deaths in India

16-07-2025

For Prelims: National Crime Records Bureau, Dowry Death, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana 

For Mains: Dowry Deaths in India, Legal provisions under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita related to dowry 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A surge in dowry-related deaths across states like Uttar Pradesh, Chandigarh, and Tamil Nadu shows the persistent grip of this illegal practice. Women continue to face harassment, assault, and suicide over dowry, while investigations drag on and convictions remain rare.

Dowry Death and Cruelty  

What are the Reasons for the Persistence of Dowry-related Deaths in India? 

Judicial Interventions 

What are the Key Legal and Judicial Challenges in Dowry-related Cases in India? 

Dowry_Deaths 

What can be Done to Break the Cycle of Dowry-related Violence? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Despite being legally prohibited, dowry continues to thrive in India.” Examine the socio-cultural and economic factors behind its persistence.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face in both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (2017)

Q. We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. (2014)



ACC Approves Appointment of New NMC Chairman

16-07-2025

Source: IE  

Dr. Abhijat Sheth has been appointed as the new chairperson of the National Medical Commission (NMC) by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC).

Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC): 

National Medical Commission (NMC): 

Read More: National Medical Commission, Appointment to Cabinet Committees   


Boko Haram

16-06-2025

Source: TOI 

Nigeria is witnessing a renewed insurgency led by Boko Haram, threatening its national security.  

Boko Haram: 

Nigeria: 

Africa

Read More: Boko Haram, Nigeria as 9th BRICS Partner Country 




India’s Vital Statistics Report 2023

15-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in the News? 

The Registrar General of India (RGI) released the “Vital Statistics of India based on Civil Registration System (CRS)” report for 2023. The report highlighted a decline in birth registrations and a marginal increase in death registrations. 

What are the Key Findings of the Vital Statistics Report 2023? 

Vital Statistics Report 2023

What are the Reasons for the Skewed Sex Ratio in India? 

What Measures can be taken to Improve Sex Ratio in India? 

Registrar General of India 

Civil Registration System(CRS) 

Conclusion 

India has created several impressive goals to reduce its population growth rates, India and the rest of the world has a long way to go to achieve meaningful population policy which are not only based on quantitative control but qualitative control as well. 

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Despite economic growth, India continues to face a skewed female sex ratio. Examine the causes and suggest measures to improve gender balance.

Frequently Asked Questions 

1. What does the 2023 Vital Statistics Report reveal? 
It shows fewer births (2.52 crore), slightly higher deaths (86.6 lakh), improved institutional births, and near-universal registration coverage. 

2. Which states had the best and worst sex ratios at birth? 
Arunachal Pradesh (1,085) and Nagaland (1,007) had the best, while Jharkhand (899) and Bihar (900) recorded the lowest ratios. 

3. What does India’s 98.4% birth registration rate indicate? 
It reflects near-universal coverage but highlights uneven timely registration, with only 11 States/UTs achieving over 90% compliance. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? (2015)

Q. Why do some of the most prosperous regions of India have an adverse sex ratio for women? Give your arguments. (2014)



Unlocking India’s Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries

15-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

NITI Aayog has released a comprehensive report titled “India’s Blue Economy: Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries”, outlining a roadmap to sustainably unlock the vast potential of India’s marine resources, and strengthen the Blue Economy.  

What are the Key Highlights of NITI Aayog’s Report on India’s Blue Economy? 

Blue_Economy

What are the Key Challenges in India’s Deep-sea and Offshore Fisheries Highlighted by NITI Aayog? 

What are the Recommendations of NITI Aayog for India’s Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries? 

Conclusion 

In line with PMMSY and SDG 14, NITI Aayog’s recommendations aim to ensure sustainable growth, ecosystem conservation, and inclusive development in India’s deep-sea and offshore fisheries. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the potential of India’s deep-sea and offshore fisheries and discuss the challenges in harnessing these resources sustainably.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)? 
The EEZ is a maritime zone up to 200 nautical miles from the coast, where a country has rights to explore, use, and manage resources like fisheries, oil, and minerals. 

2. What is the estimated potential yield of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)? 
India’s EEZ spans over 2 million sq. km with an estimated potential yield of 7.16 million tonnes, highlighting untapped deep-sea resources.

3. What are the key challenges in India’s deep-sea and offshore fisheries? 
Challenges include lack of scientific stock assessment, weak infrastructure, technological gaps, high operational costs, limited finance, outdated legal frameworks, unsustainable fishing, and weak monitoring.

4. How does NITI Aayog propose to modernise India’s fishing fleet and infrastructure? 
Through support for modern vessels with refrigeration, onboard processing, deep-sea harbours, landing centres, cold chains, and cooperative-based ownership models.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims 

Q. Which one of the following is a filter feeder? (2021)

(a) Catfish   

(b) Octopus  

(c) Oyster   

(d) Pelican  

Ans: (c)


Mains 

Q. Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. (2018)



Great Nicobar Island Project

15-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project has drawn attention as one of India’s most ambitious infrastructure plans in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

What is the Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project?

Great_Nicobar_Island

Great Nicobar Island

Conclusion

The Great Nicobar Island Project is not merely an infrastructure plan but a strategic-economic multiplier. It secures India’s maritime future, reduces logistical dependence on foreign ports, and unlocks regional growth, thereby positioning India as a major player in the Indo-Pacific.

Click here to Read: Concerns Associated with the Great Nicobar Island Project

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the role of the Great Nicobar Island Project in India’s Maritime Vision 2030 and its alignment with the Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.

Great Nicobar Project | Andaman & Nicobar | Environmental Concern | Indepth | Drishti IAS English

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory.
  2. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.
  3. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 

(c) 3 only  

(d) 1 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Q. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (2014) 

(a) Andaman and Nicobar 

(b) Nicobar and Sumatra 

(c) Maldives and Lakshadweep 

(d) Sumatra and Java 

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. Environmental impact assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before the project is cleared by the government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal- fired thermal plants located at Pitheads.(2023)




Mizoram’s Refugees Crisis

15-07-2025

For Prelims: Free Movement Regime , 1951 UN Refugee Convention, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Smart Fencing 

For Mains: Refugee Policy and Legal Framework in India, India-Myanmar Border and Free Movement Regime, Role of States in Refugee Management 

Source:TH 

Why in News?

Mizoram has been grappling with the challenge of managing a growing refugee crisis since Myanmar’s 2021 military coup, providing shelter to thousands from Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Manipur.  

How is Mizoram Managing the Influx of Refugees? 

Mizoram_Refugees 

What is the Legal Framework Governing Refugees in Mizoram? 

Note: The Mizoram (Maintenance of Household Registers) Bill, 2019 currently under consideration, aims to identify and track foreign nationals residing in the state. It seeks to help distinguish between Mizos, refugees, and illegal immigrants. 

What Measures are Needed to Manage Refugee and Asylum Seeker Issues Effectively? 

Drishti Mains Question:

"Ethnic solidarity should not come at the cost of national security." In the context of Mizoram’s refugee response, critically examine this statement.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question: 

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2016)

Community sometimes In the affairs of mentioned in the news 

1. Kurd 

Bangladesh 

2. Madhesi 

Nepal 

3. Rohingya 

Myanmar 

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 

(a) 1 and 2 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 2 and 3 
(d) 3 only 

Ans- (c) 


Mains 

Q. “Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution or human right violation.” Examine the statement with reference to the ethical dimension being violated by the nation claiming to be democratic with open society. (2021)



Exercise Talisman Sabre 2025

15-07-2025

Source: TH 

India, for the first time, is participating in the 11th edition of Exercise Talisman Sabre 2025, a major Australia-led multinational military exercise. 

Exercise Talisman Sabre 2025 

Key India-Australia Military Exercises 

Key India-US Military Exercises 

Read More: Major Military Exercises of IndiaIndia-Australia Relations 


Information Technology(IT) Act, 2000

14-10-2025

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) organised a national workshop to streamline the issuance of notices under Sections 69A and 79(3)(b) of the Information Technology Act, 2000, ensuring legal clarity and constitutional balance in regulating content on digital platforms.  

IT Act, 2000 

Read More: Strengthening India’s Cyber Defense 




National Household Income Survey (NHIS) 2026

14-10-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) plans to launch the National Household Income Survey (NHIS) in February 2026. 

Read more: Strengthening India's Statistical Syste




SC Strikes Down Army’s Gender-Based Quota for JAG Recruitment

14-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Supreme Court (SC) of India struck down the Indian Army’s policy limiting the appointment of women officers to the Judge Advocate General (JAG) branch, rejected the argument that women cannot serve in counter-insurgency or counter-terror forces, and emphasized gender equality in all combat-support arms.

Note: The JAG is the legal arm of the Indian Army, advising on military law under the Army Act, 1950, and guiding commanders on operational, administrative, and disciplinary matters. 

What are the SC’s Directives on Army JAG Recruitment and Women in Operational Roles? 

SC Rulings on Women in the Defence Forces 

Nari Shakti in Defence

Women_in_Defence

What is the Significance of Women in Defence Forces? 

Women_in_Defence

Read more:  Challenges and Way Forward for Women in Indian Armed Forces 

Keywords for Mains 

Drishti Mains Question:

Evaluate the role of judicial intervention in ensuring gender parity in national security institutions.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Mains

Q. What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (2019)




Negotiations for India-Oman CEPA Concluded

14-08-2025

Source: ET

India concluded negotiations for the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Oman, aimed at boosting trade and investment. 

India-Oman Bilateral Relations: 

India-Oman

Major_ Trade_ Agreement

Read More: India-UK Free Trade Agreement, Reviewing Free Trade Agreements   


Fast Track Special Courts

14-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) in Delhi, established under the FTSCs Scheme 2019 for speedy trial of rape and child sexual abuse cases, have disposed of only around 43% of cases as of June 2025. 

What is the Fast Track Special Courts Scheme? 

What are the Challenges in Fast Track Special Courts? 

What Measures Can Strengthen Fast Track Special Courts? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the key challenges faced by FTSCs and suggest measures to enhance their efficiency and victim sensitivity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation. (2016)

Q. We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest Some innovative measures to tackle this menace. (2014)



Declining Household Savings & Rising Liabilities

14-07-2025

For Prelims: Inflation, Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme, Mahila Samman Savings Certificate, National Pension System (NPS), Paradox of Savings, FDI, Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), UPI, Jan Dhan, e-RUPI, Inflation-indexed Bonds, Atal Pension Yojana, Sovereign Gold Bonds.             

For Mains: Current trend in household savings in India, Implications of low household savings rate and rising household debt, Strategies needed to maintain sustainable household savings & manage debt in India. 

Source: BL  

Why in News? 

India’s household savings pattern is undergoing a significant transformation, raising concerns about long-term economic stability and domestic capital formation. 

What is the Current Trend in Household Savings in India? 

Household Savings and Household Debt 

What are the Implications of Low Household Savings Rate and Rising Household Debt? 

Paradox of Savings 

What Strategies can be Adopted to Maintain Sustainable Household Savings in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s declining household savings and rising debt threaten economic stability. To ensure sustainability, policies must boost financial literacy, incentivize savings, regulate reckless lending, and expand social security. Balancing consumption-led growth with prudent savings and debt management is crucial for long-term resilience, inclusive development, and reducing vulnerabilities in an evolving financial landscape. 

Drishti Mains Questions:

India’s declining household savings rate poses risks to long-term economic growth." Analyse the causes and suggest policy measures to revive sustainable savings. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question  

Prelims 

Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because (2019)

(a) poverty rates vary from State to State 

(b) price levels vary from State to State 

(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State 

(d) quality of public distribution varies from State to State 

Ans: (b) 

Q. As per the NSSO 70th Round “Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households”, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. Rajasthan has the highest percentage share of agricultural households among its rural households. 
  2. Out of the total agricultural households in the country, a little over 60 percent belong to OBCs. 
  3. In Kerala, a little over 60 percent of agricultural households reported to have received maximum income from sources other than agricultural activities. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. Among several factors for India’s potential growth, the savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (2017)



Revamping India’s BFSI Sector

14-06-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Capital formation, Sustainable development,Financial inclusion, Bank privatisation, Equities markets, Corporate bonds 

For Mains: State of Banking, Financial, Services and Insurance (BFSI) Sector in India, Challenges Related to BFSI sector, Steps to be Taken to Address Challenges in India’s BFSI Sector 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

India's Banking, Financial, Services and Insurance (BFSI) sector faces ongoing structural challenges, including fragmented regulations, a shallow corporate bond market, and unregulated shadow banking, highlighting the need for comprehensive reforms to strengthen and stabilize the financial system for sustainable growth. 

What is the Current Status of India’s BFSI Sector? 

What are the Key Challenges Related to India’s BFSI Sector? 

What are the Key Committees Related to Financial Sector Reforms in India?  

Area 

Committee  

Key Focus 

Banking Reforms 

Narasimham Committee 

Banking sector reform, Asset Reconstruction 

Financial Sector Reforms 

Raghuram Rajan Committee 

Overall financial sector reform 

Bank Licensing 

Bimal Jalan Committee 

New bank licenses 

NBFC Regulation 

A.C. Shah Committee 

Regulation of NBFCs 

Cooperative Finance 

R.N. Mirdha Committee 

Cooperative societies 

Marathe Committee 

Licensing of Urban Cooperative Banks 

Banking Technology 

Rangarajan Committee 

Computerization of banks 

NPAs & Credit Issues 

Khanna Committee 

Non-performing assets (NPAs) 

S.S. Kohli Committee 

Willful defaulters 

Financial Inclusion 

Nachiket Mor Committee 

Payment banks 

H.R. Khan Committee 

Business Correspondent (BC) model 

Rural & Priority Sector Banking 

M.L. Dantwala Committee 

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) 

Gadgil Committee 

Lead banking scheme 

Capital Markets & Investment 

Sodhani Committee 

Forex & NRI investments 

 

Y.V. Reddy Committee 

Small savings reform 

What Measures can be Implemented to Revamp India’s BFSI Sector? 

Drishti Mains Question:

What are the key factors behind the growth of India’s BFSI sector? Examine the major challenges it faces in ensuring financial stability and inclusive growth. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q1. With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements: (2021) 

  1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments. 
  2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. 
  3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an  Amendment in 1966. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Which one of the following links all the ATMs in India? (2018)

(a) Indian Banks’ Association 

(b) National Securities Depository Limited 

(c) National Payments Corporation of India 

(d) Reserve Bank of India 

Ans: (c) 


Mains:

Q. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (2016)





Trust-Based Regulation

14-06-2025

For Prelims: Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023, Environment Protection Act, 1986, MSMEs, Union Budget 2025–26, Indian Forest Act, 1927, Invoice Management System (IMS), GST, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), 73rd/74th Amendments, PARIVESH, MCA21.        

For Mains: Regulatory bodies and Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023, Need of trust-based regulation in India. 

Source: TOI 

Why in News? 

The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023, effective from August 2023, replaces criminal penalties with fines for minor violations, decriminalizing 183 provisions across 42 Central Acts to promote ease of living, ease of doing business, and a trust-based regulatory approach. 

What is Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023? 

What is a Trust-based Regulatory Approach? 

Why does India Need a Trust-based Regulatory Approach? 

What are the Challenges in India's Shift Towards Trust-based Regulation? 

How can Trust-based Regulation be Strengthened in India? 

Conclusion 

The Jan Vishwas Act, 2023 marks a progressive shift towards trust-based governance by decriminalizing minor violations and reducing regulatory burdens. To fully realize its potential, India must streamline laws, empower local bodies, embrace digital tools, and build institutional trust—ensuring efficient, citizen-centric, and growth-oriented governance aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Q. A key feature of a developed society is the government's trust in its citizens and institutions." In this context, critically examine the shift towards trust-based governance in India. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question:(PYQ)   

Prelims 

Q. What is/are the recent policy initiative(s)of Government of India to promote the growth of the manufacturing sector? (2012)  

  1. Setting up of National Investment and Manufacturing Zones   
  2. Providing the benefit of ‘single window clearance’   
  3. Establishing the Technology Acquisition and Development Fund   

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:   

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 and 3 only   

(c) 1 and 3 only   

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d) 


Mains  

Q. “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far are the recent changes in Industrial Policy capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (2017)

Q. What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 through the recent Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss. (2015)



50 years of National Emergency

14-06-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

50 years ago, on 12th June 1975, the Allahabad High Court invalidated Indira Gandhi's 1971 election in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Shri Raj Narain Case, 1975 leading to the declaration of a national emergency (NE) on 25th June 1975 that continued till March 1977. 

What are Key Facts About the Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Shri Raj Narain Case, 1975? 

What are Key Facts About National Emergency? 

What are the Implications of Imposition of National Emergency on Constitutional Framework? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha?(2022)

  1. To ratify the declaration of Emergency 
  2. To pass a motion of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers 
  3. To impeach the President of India 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 

(d) 3 only 

Ans: (b) 

Q. If the President of India exercises his power as provided under Article 356 of the Constitution in respect of a particular State, then(2018)

(a) the Assembly of the State is automatically dissolved. 

(b) the powers of the Legislature of that State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of the Parliament. 

(c) Article 19 is suspended in that State. 

(d) the President can make laws relating to that State. 

Ans: (b)



Deep Seafloor Exploration

14-06-2025

Source: TH 

A study has revealed that about 99.999% of the Earth’s deep seafloor, which covers two-thirds of the Earth area below 200 meters depth, remains visually unexplored. 

Deep Ocean: 

Marine Snow  

Oceanic_Zones

Read More: Deep Ocean Mission 


IREDA Bags ‘Excellent’ Ratings

14-06-2025

Source: PIB 

The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA) was awarded an 'Excellent' rating for its exceptional performance in the Power and NBFC sectors by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE). 

IREDA: 

DPE Ratings: 

India's Renewable Energy Initiatives: 

Renewable Energy

Read More: Tapping Renewable Energy Potential in India 


Snail Infestation in Cardamom

14-06-2025

Source: TH 

The cardamom-growing regions of Idukki, Kerala, are facing threat from small snail infestations following heavy summer rains. Snails feed on new panicles, flowers, and young capsules, causing crop damage, reduced yield, and quality loss. 

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) 

Spices Market in India: India produced 11.14 million tonnes of spices in 2022–23, cultivating 75 of the 109 ISO-listed spices 

Read More: Strengthening India's Spice Industry 


Strengthening Labour Rights in India

13-10-2025

For Prelims: International Labour Organization, Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan, National Skill Development Corporation 

For Mains: Labour Rights and Industrial Safety in India, Challenges in Enforcement of Labour Laws, Informal Sector and Social Security Measures

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The Sigachi Industries reactor blast in Telangana, along with a spate of industrial accidents in 2025, has reignited concerns over industrial safety standards and the weakening of labour protections, reviving debates on the erosion of workers’ rights in India. 

What are the Reasons for Rising Industrial Accidents in India? 

What are the Key Labour Laws Governing Workers' Rights in India? 

Labour_Laws

ILO_Conventions

What are the Challenges in Protecting Workers’ Rights in India? 

How can India Strengthen Worker Rights and Improve Safety? 

Conclusion 

Protecting worker rights needs strong laws, social security, skills training, gender inclusion, corporate accountability, and data-driven monitoring. Addressing these will safeguard workers, boost productivity, and advance Viksit Bharat 2047. 

Drishti Mains Question:

How do systemic erosion and weak enforcement affect labour rights in India, and what reforms can address these gaps?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What are the main causes of workplace accidents in India? 
Outdated machinery, poor safety systems, long work hours, unregistered workers, and weak law enforcement.

2. Which laws protect industrial workers in India? 
Key laws include the Factories Act 1948, Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSHWC) Code, 2020, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923, ESI Act 1948, Payment of Wages Act 1936, and Minimum Wages Act 1948. 

3. How has the OSHWC Code, 2020, reformed worker safety regulations? 
It consolidates 13 labour laws to streamline safety, health, and working conditions, though full implementation is pending.

4. What measures can improve worker rights and industrial safety? 
Reinforcing legal safeguards, formalising informal workers, skill training, gender inclusion, corporate accountability, and AI-enabled monitoring.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. The Factories Act, 1881 was passed with a view to fix the wages of industrial workers and to allow the workers to form trade unions. 
  2. N.M. Lokhande was a pioneer in organizing the labour movement in British India. 

Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only  
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q. “Success of ‘Make in India’ programme depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (2015)



Nobel Peace Prize 2025

13-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The Norwegian Nobel Committee has awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 2025 to Maria Corina Machado in recognition of her tireless efforts to promote democratic rights in Venezuela and her unwavering struggle for a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy. 

Maria_Corina_Machado

What are the Key Highlights of the Nobel Peace Prize 2025? 

Did you Know? 

Click here to Read: Nobel Prize in Literature 2025 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Who is the Nobel Peace Prize 2025 laureate? 
Maria Corina Machado for promoting democracy and peaceful transition in Venezuela. 

2. Which Indians have won the Nobel Peace Prize? 
Mother Teresa (1979) and Kailash Satyarthi (2014). 

3. What are the main categories of the Nobel Peace Prize? 
The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to individuals or organizations promoting peace, resolving conflicts, advancing democracy and human rights, or contributing to global stability and humanitarian work.



AUSTRAHIND 2025

13-10-2025

Source:PIB 

An Indian Army contingent has departed for Australia to participate in the fourth edition of the India-Australia joint military exercise ‘AUSTRAHIND 2025’, highlighting growing defence cooperation between the two nations. 

Australia

Read more: India-Australia Relations 


Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025

13-09-2025

For Prelims: Online Gaming, Real Money gaming (RMG) Industry, Digital Payment System, Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA).    

For Mains: Factors leading to the rise of the gaming industry in India, Need of code of ethics and deregulating India's online gaming sector.  

Source: ET

Why in News?

The Act, passed by Parliament, encourages e-sports and online social games while prohibiting harmful online money gaming services, advertisements, and financial transactions related to them.

What is Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025?

Online Gambling

What are the Key Growth Drivers of India’s Gaming Industry ?

How is the Gaming Industry Regulated in India?

Initiative to Counter online gaming

What are the Key Concerns of India’s Online Gaming Industry and Suggest Measures to Strengthen It?

Concerns

Measures

Regulatory Ambiguity – Fragmented state laws; no clear distinction between skill-based gaming and gambling.

Establishment of a national regulatory body; strengthen self-regulatory bodies (SRBs) for clarity.

Illegal Gambling & Money Laundering – Offshore sites thriving; risks of terror financing, misuse of remittance routes.

Collaborate with banks & payment gateways to block illegal transactions; real-time monitoring; global anti-money laundering cooperation.

Addictive Behaviour – Excessive play leads to stress, financial ruin, suicidal tendencies (23% youth affected).

Introduce age-gating, spending limits, self-exclusion tools; integrate mental health support; run public awareness campaigns.

Cyberattacks – Data breaches (11 mn accounts in 2024); risks from VPN/geo-blocker bypass.

Strengthen cybersecurity with audits, encryption, intrusion detection; comply with data protection norms.

Financial Risks – Vulnerable users overspend (₹17 lakh PUBG case); Indians lose ₹20,000 cr annually.

Promote responsible gaming practices; enforce parental controls; ensure consumer protection mechanisms.

Lack of Innovation Support – Limited infrastructure and mentorship for developers.

Develop dedicated gaming hubs & incubators (models: Montreal, Singapore, South Korea) for innovation and talent growth.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss the challenges and regulatory measures needed for the growth of the online gaming industry in India.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018)

  1. Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. 
  2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries. 
  3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (2021)




Exemptions for Mineral Exploration in Forests

13-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News ?

The Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) has approved enhanced exemptions for mineral exploration drilling in forest areas, following requests from the Ministries of Coal and Mines.

Why Have Exemptions Been Provided for Mineral Exploration Drilling in Forest Regions?

What Concerns are Associated with Increased Mineral Exploration Drilling in Forest Regions?

Critical minerals 

India’s Initiatives for Critical Minerals:

What Should be the Sustainable Roadmap for Mineral Exploration in Forests?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country 
  2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government. 
  3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Q. What is/are the purpose/purposes of ‘District Mineral Foundations’ in India? (2016)

  1. Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts 
  2. Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations 
  3. Authorizing State Governments to issue licenses for mineral exploration 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (2021)

Q. “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. (2017)



Rethinking India’s Strategy Against Aedes Mosquitoes

13-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

India faces rising dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes, yet authorities still depend on less effective fumigation. 

Why are Current Measures Against Aedes Mosquitoes Failing?

What Measures can Strengthen the Fight Against Aedes Mosquitoes?

Burden of Aedes Mosquitoes

Mosquito_brone_diseases

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Despite limited effectiveness, India continues to rely on fumigation for Aedes control? Discuss and suggest sustainable alternatives.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Wolbachia method is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following? (2023)

a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes

b) Converting crop residues into packing material

c) Producing biodegradable plastics

d) Producing biochar from thermochemical conversion of biomass

Ans: (a)


Q. Which one of the following is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent? (2021)

a) Congress grass

b) Elephant grass

c) Lemongrass

d) Nut grass

Ans: c



India Explores Rare-Earth Deal with Myanmar

13-09-2025

Source:IE

India is collaborating with the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) in Myanmar to secure rare-earth mineral samples, aiming to diversify its supply chain away from China.  

What are Rare Earth Minerals?

Light_and_Heavy REE

What is the Status of India on Rare Earth Elements?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country 
  2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government. 
  3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a)



Bills to Modernise India’s Maritime Laws

13-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Parliament passed Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025, Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025 & Coastal Shipping Bill, 2025 with the aim to  modernise India’s maritime legal framework by replacing outdated colonial-era laws. 

What are the Key Provisions of the Recently Passed Maritime Bills? 

What is the State of India’s Maritime Sector?  

Key Targets Under MV2030

Government Initiatives in India’s Maritime Sector 

Read More: Challenges in India’s Maritime Sector  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017)

  1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.  
  2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.  

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2   

Ans: (b)

Q. With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, consider the following statements: (2015)

  1. It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills.  
  2. It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.  

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?   

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (d)


Mains:

Q. Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. (2018)




Armenia - Azerbaijan Peace Agreement

13-08-2025

Source: IE 

A peace agreement brokered by the US has been signed between Armenia and Azerbaijan, marking a significant step toward resolving the longstanding conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. 

Armenia and Azerbaijan

Read more: Resolving Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict 


OMC Compensation & PMUY Subsidy Extension

13-08-2025

Source: IE

The Union Cabinet approved budgetary support to public sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs)  to cover their losses from selling LPG cylinders below international prices in FY 2024-25.  

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) 

Read More: LPG Subsidy Initiatives in India 


Harnessing AI to Shape India’s IT Leadership

13-08-2025

For Prelims: Artificial intelligence, Large Multimodal Models, Non-personal datasets,  Generative AI, MSMEs 

For Mains: Impact of AI in IT Sector, Opportunities & Challenges of AI for India's Economic Growth, Key Challenges AI Poses to India's Traditional Economy 

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Indian IT sector, a USD 280 billion industry employing 5.8 million people, is undergoing a profound shift as Artificial Intelligence transforms service delivery and business operations. This AI-driven disruption has prompted moves like TCS halting experienced hiring and cutting 12,000 jobs, sparking concerns over the future workforce and the evolving nature of IT employment. 

What are the Key Applications of AI in the IT Sector? 

What are the Key Challenges in the Indian IT Sector’s AI Adoption Journey? 

How can India's IT Sector Effectively Harness the Potential of Artificial Intelligence? 

Conclusion 

AI is a catalyst for reinvention, not a threat, for the Indian IT sector. The industry must shift from manpower-intensive outsourcing to knowledge-driven, AI-powered innovation. Firms that embrace change, invest in talent transformation, and position themselves as strategic AI partners will shape India’s technological leadership in the coming years. This vision should be a core theme at the AI Impact Summit, New Delhi, 2026.  

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the impact of AI on the IT sector. What are the opportunities and challenges, and how can India leverage AI for sustainable growth?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units 
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs 
  3. Disease diagnosis 
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion 
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only   

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5  

Ans: (b)


Mains:

Q. Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023)



MP Local Area Development Scheme

13-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Minister of State for MoSPI laid out detailed provisions of the Revised Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) Guidelines 2023 in the Parliament, for its effective utilization. 

What is the MPLADS Scheme? 

MPLAD Scheme 

What is the Monitoring Mechanism Under MPLAD Scheme? 

Agency/Body 

Functions 

Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)  

Monitors fund flow, conducts annual reviews, publishes progress reports, and ensures CAG-approved audits. 

Central Nodal Agency 

Reviews project implementation and manages audit processes. 

State/UT Governments 

Constitute monitoring committees, inspect at least 1% of works annually, and commission third-party audits for high-value projects. 

  • State/UT Governments are required to fully delegate technical, financial, and administrative sanction powers to the Implementing District Authority for expeditious execution of MP-recommended projects. 

District Authorities 

Inspect a minimum of 10% of works each year and maintain photographic documentation. 

Implementing Agencies 

Conduct site inspections and ensure 100% verification of completed works. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the funds under the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS), which of the following statements are correct? (2020)

  1. MPLADS funds must be used to create durable assets like physical infrastructure for health, education, etc.  
  2. A specified portion of each MP’s fund must benefit SC/ST populations.  
  3. MPLADS funds are sanctioned on a yearly basis and the unused funds cannot be carried forward to the next year.  
  4. The district authority must inspect at least 10% of all works under implementation every year.  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 and 4 only  

(c) 1, 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 4 only 

Ans: (d)



India–Sri Lanka Fishing Dispute and Way Forward

12-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

The India–Sri Lanka fishing dispute highlights the need for a “humane approach” that balances fishing livelihoods with ecological conservation in the Palk Strait and around Katchatheevu island.

Katchatheevu

What is the India–Sri Lanka Fishing Dispute?

What Measures Can Address the India–Sri Lanka Fishing Issue and Ensure Sustainable Fisheries?

Conclusion

The Katchatheevu and Palk Strait issues should be seen as opportunities for cooperation, not conflict. A fair fisheries regime that protects artisanal livelihoods and ecology is key. Smaller disputes must not overshadow the larger vision of peace and mutual respect in South Asia.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. The India–Sri Lanka fishing dispute reflects the clash between livelihood needs and ecological sustainability. Discuss

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains 

Q. ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India's role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (2022)

Q. In respect of India-Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. (2013)



Isobutanol Blending with Diesel

12-09-2025

Source: TH

India is now exploring isobutanol blending with diesel after unsuccessful ethanol-diesel trials, highlighting the government’s push for biofuels to support farmers, reduce oil imports, and ensure sustainable energy use.

Read more: India Achieves 20% Ethanol Blending in Petrol



India-Mauritius Relations

12-09-2025

For Prelims: Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement, AIKEYME, African Continental Free Trade Area, Agaléga Island

For Mains: Significance of India-Mauritius Relations in the changing Indo-Pacific dynamics, India’s Neighbourhood First Policy and its regional implications.

Source:HT

Why in News? 

During Mauritius Prime Minister’s visit to Varanasi, India was described as a trusted partner in Mauritius’ socio-economic development and as having steadfastly supported it at all times.

Mauritius

What are the Key Outcomes of Mauritius PM’s Visit to India?

How are India’s Relations with Mauritius?

What is the Significance of the Bilateral Relationship Between India and Mauritius?

Significance of Mauritius for India

Significance of India for Mauritius

What are the Challenges in India-Mauritius Relations?

What Should be the Way Forward to Strengthen Ties Between India and Mauritius?

Conclusion

India-Mauritius ties are a strategic, economic, and cultural partnership, with India supporting development and security, and Mauritius playing a key role in MAHASAGAR. Strengthening trade, sustainability, and diaspora engagement will ensure a resilient, mutually beneficial relationship.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the strategic and economic significance of Mauritius for India in the context of the MAHASAGAR initiative. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims:

Q. A great deal of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to India comes from Mauritius than from many major and mature economies like UK and France. Why? (2010)

(a) India has preference for certain countries as regards receiving FDI 

(b) India has double taxation avoidance agreement with Mauritius 

(c) Most citizens of Mauritius have ethnic identity with India and so they feel secure to invest in India 

(d) Impending dangers of global climatic change prompt Mauritius to make huge investments in India. 

Ans: (b)

Mains:

Q. Project ‘Mausam’ is considered a unique foreign policy initiative of Indian government to improve relationships with its neighbours. Does the project have a strategic dimension? Discuss. (2015)



India’s 3rd Voluntary National Review on SDGs

12-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

NITI Aayog presented its 3rd Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) convened by the UN- Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). 

Note: VNR is a country-led, voluntary process that promotes the sharing of experiences to accelerate the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 

What are the Key Highlights of India's 3rd  Voluntary National Review (VNR)? 

UN High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) 

Drishti Mains Question:

How does Voluntary National Review contribute to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? Discuss its significance in fostering transparency, accountability among countries.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. With reference to the United Nations, consider the following statements: (2009)

  1. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of UN consists of 24 member States. 
  2. It is elected by a 2/3rd majority of the General Assembly for a 3-year term. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only  
(c) Both 1 and 2  
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)

Q. Sustainable development is described as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In this perspective, inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with which of the following concepts? (2010) 

(a) Social justice and empowerment  
(b) Inclusive Growth  
(c) Globalization  
(d) Carrying capacity  

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)



Exploring the Opportunities and Challenges of GM Crops

12-07-2025

For Prelims: Genetically modified (GM) Mustard, Genetically Modified crops, Bt cotton, Drought-tolerant maize varieties, Golden Rice, C4 rice, Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee, Environment Protection Act,1986, Intellectual Property Rights 

For Mains: Regulatory Framework for GM Crops in India, Benefits and Issues Related to GM Crops 

Source: FE 

Why in News?

Amid ongoing trade negotiations, the US is pushing India to open its agriculture market to genetically modified (GM) crops. However, India has firmly stated that agriculture and dairy are 'sacrosanct red lines,' warning that allowing GM crop imports could threaten farmers' livelihoods and food safety. 

What are Genetically Modified (GM) Crops? 

Regulatory _Framework_on_GMO

GMO

What is the Status of GM Crop Adoption in India? 

What are the Key Benefits of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops? 

Benefits_Of_GM_Crops 

What are the Key Challenges in GM Crop Adoption in India? 

What Measures Should be Taken for Responsible Adoption of GM Crops in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s GM crop journey, marked by the success of Bt cotton and a prolonged policy deadlock reflects the tension between scientific potential and regulatory hesitation. In the face of climate challenges, nutritional deficiencies, and trade vulnerabilities, a science-driven, farmer-focused, and innovation-enabling approach is essential. As former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee rightly said, “What IT is to India, BT is to Bharat”, a vision that must now be translated into action.

Drishti Mains Question

How can genetically modified crops contribute to India’s food and nutritional security amid climate change and growing population? Evaluate the potential and risks associated with their widespread adoption. 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q1. Other than resistance to pests, what are the prospects for which genetically engineered plants have been created? (2012) 

  1. To enable them to withstand drought 
  2. To increase the nutritive value of the produce 
  3. To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in spaceships and space stations 
  4. To increase their shelf life 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c) 

Q2. Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are mentioned in the context of (2021) 

(a) clonal propagation of crop plants 

(b) developing genetically modified crop plants 

(c) production of plant growth substances 

(d) production of biofertilizers 

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q. How can biotechnology help to improve the living standards of farmers? (2019)




World Population Day 2025 and India's Youth

12-07-2025

For Prelims: World Population Day, Demographic Dividend, National Youth Policy 2014, Startup India, National Service Scheme (NSS), Unemployment, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana.                   

For Mains: Opportunities and challenges related to the youth population in India, Steps needed to empower them. 

Source: TH   

Why in News? 

World Population Day, observed on 11th July, was established by the UN in 1989 to raise awareness about population issues and reproductive health rights. 

What is the Status of Youth in India? 

What Opportunities Does India's Youth Population Present? 

What are the Key Challenges Faced by Youth in India? 

Government’s Initiatives Related to Youth 

What Steps Should Be Taken to Empower Youth in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s youth, the world’s largest, offer a transformative demographic dividend. To harness this potential, India must address challenges like unemployment, mental health, and gender gaps while boosting education, skills, and innovation. Strategic policies and inclusive growth can empower youth to drive India’s global rise, ensuring sustainable development and equitable progress. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the challenges faced by India’s youth in realizing their full potential. Suggest measures to convert these challenges into opportunities.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims 

Q. Disguised unemployment generally means (2013)

(a) large number of people remain unemployed  

(b) alternative employment is not available  

(c) marginal productivity of labour is zero  

(d) productivity of workers is low  

Ans: (c) 


Mains

Q. Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements. (2023)

Q. The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favor of your answer. (2015)



International Criminal Court (ICC)

12-07-2025

Source: IE 

The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants against Taliban leaders under Article 7(1)(h) of the Rome Statute for crimes against humanity, citing systematic gender and political persecution in Afghanistan.  

International Criminal Court (ICC) 

Read More: International Criminal Court (ICC), ICJ Proceedings: South Africa vs. Israel 


Global HIV/AIDS Fight at Risk

12-07-2025

Source: IE 

According to the UNAIDS, a sudden halt in US funding for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) threatens to reverse decades of progress in the fight against HIV/AIDS. 

Read More: US Agency for International Development 


20 years of RTI Act, 2005

11-10-2025

For Prelims: Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, Official Secrets Act (OSA), 1923, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, Chief Election Commissioner, Central Information Commission, RTI Amendment Act, 2019, Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, CERT-In, Whistleblower Protection Act, 2014, DigiLocker.                                               

For Mains: Key facts about the RTI Act, 2005, challenges limiting its effectiveness, and strategies for strengthening its implementation. 

Source: ET 

Why in News?

As the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 completes 20 years of implementation in October 2025, a study has highlighted significant gaps in its functioning, exposing a transparency system under severe strain. 

What are Key Facts About the RTI Act, 2005? 

What Are the Key Challenges Facing the RTI Act, 2005? 

What Reforms are Needed to Ensure Transparency in the RTI Framework? 

Conclusion 

Two decades after its enactment, the RTI Act, 2005 faces systemic challenges including vacancies, excessive delays, weakened autonomy, and threats to activists. Strengthening Information Commissions, enforcing penalties, integrating technology, and protecting RTI activists are critical to restoring the law’s transparency, accountability, and democratic governance objectives. 

Drishti Mains Question:

The Right to Information Act, 2005 was a watershed moment for Indian democracy, but its implementation is plagued by challenges. Critically examine the major constraints hindering its performance and suggest remedial measures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the RTI Act, 2005? 
The RTI Act, 2005 empowers citizens to access information held by public authorities, promoting transparency, accountability, and good governance. 

2. How did the RTI Amendment Act, 2019 affect Information Commissioners? 
The 2019 amendment gave the Central Government power to determine tenure, salaries, and terms of service, reducing the autonomy of Information Commissioners. 

3. How does the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 impact the RTI Act? 
The DPDP Act amended Section 8(1) of the RTI Act, exempting all personal information from disclosure, which can restrict the transparency of public officials' actions. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Mains 

Q. The Right to Information Act is not all about citizens’ empowerment alone, it essentially redefines the concept of accountability.” Discuss. (2018)



Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)

11-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Over the past 10 years, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) has become a cornerstone of India’s sustainable agriculture initiatives.  

What is Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana?

Assistance_Provided_under_PMVY_Scheme

What are the Types of Organic Certification in India? 

Organic_Certification_in_India 

Read More: Natural Farming 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q.1 How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming? (2021) 

  1. Permaculture farming discourages monocultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant. 
  2. Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming. 
  3. Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions. 
  4. Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 1 and 3 
(b) 1, 2 and 4 
(c) 4 only 
(d) 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q.2 Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’? (2012) 

(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops 
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field 
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together 
(d) None of the above 

Ans: (c) 



Harnessing BRICS for India’s Strategic Ambitions

11-09-2025

For Prelims: New Development Bank , BRICS, US tariff hikes, SWIFT, Purchasing Power ParityQUAD

For Mains: Potential does BRICS Hold in Cushioning India Against Geoeconomic Shocks, Key Barriers Stand in the Way of India’s Deeper Involvement in BRICS. 

Source: IE

Why in News?

At the virtual BRICS Leaders’ Summit, India’s External Affairs Minister cautioned against linking trade measures with political or non-trade issues in the backdrop of US tariff hikes. 

What is BRICS? 

  • About: BRICS is a cooperative intergovernmental organization of emerging economies that was originally formed to enhance economic collaboration and increase the global political and economic influence of its members. 
    • The name BRICS is an acronym for its five founding countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
  • Foundation:  The term "BRIC" was first coined in 2001 by Jim O'Neill to describe the rapidly growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. 
    • The first formal summit of the four countries was held in 2009 in Russia, where they officially formed a diplomatic club. 
    • South Africa was invited to join in 2010, which led to the group's name being changed to BRICS.
  • Purpose
    • Promote Economic Cooperation: This includes increasing trade, investment, and financial ties among member states.
    • Counterbalance Western Influence: The group seeks to create a more equitable and multipolar world order by advocating for reforms in global governance institutions like the United Nations, IMF, and the World Bank. 
    • Establish Alternative Financial Systems: To reduce reliance on the U.S. dollar and Western-dominated institutions, the BRICS countries created the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA).
  • Expansion of BRICS: BRICS has expanded its membership to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, a development often described as “BRICS+.”

What Potential does BRICS Hold in Cushioning India Against Geoeconomic Shocks?

What Key Barriers Stand in the Way of India’s Deeper Involvement in BRICS?

What Measures can India Adopt to Effectively Utilise BRICS for its Geoeconomic Ambitions?

Conclusion: 

In an era of increasing geoeconomic volatility, BRICS presents India with a strategic platform to diversify trade, strengthen energy and resource security, and expand technological and financial cooperation. A pragmatic, issue-based approach ensures that BRICS complements India’s broader foreign policy and economic vision of fostering resilience.

Drishti Mains Question:

In the context of India’s geoeconomic ambitions, critically examine the potential and challenges of India’s engagement with BRICS. How can India strategically leverage this grouping to enhance trade, energy security, and technological cooperation while safeguarding its broader foreign policy interests?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. New Development Bank has been set up by APEC.  
  2. The headquarters of the New Development Bank is in Shanghai.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 only  
(c) Both 1 and 2  
(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (b) 


Q. The ‘Fortaleza Declaration’, recently in the news, is related to the affairs of (2015)

(a) ASEAN  
(b) BRICS  
(c) OECD  
(d) WTO  

Ans: (b)



Should the 50% Reservation Cap Be Raised?

11-09-2025

For Prelims: Reservation, Article 14, Article 15, Article 16, economically weaker sections (EWS)Supreme Court of India, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes

For Mains: Reservation, Challenges and Way Forward

Source: TH

Why in News?

Bihar’s Opposition leader has proposed increasing quotas to 85% if voted to power, while the Supreme Court has sought the Centre’s response on applying the 'creamy layer' concept to SCs and STs. 

What are the Key Provisions Related to Reservations in India?

Formal Equality Vs Substantive Equality

What are the Arguments For and Against Exceeding the 50% Reservation Cap?

Arguments For 

Arguments Against 

Demographic Justification: Backward classes (OBCs, SCs, STs) constitute over 60% of India’s population, and the current 50% ceiling limits proportional representation.

Legal Constraints: The SC in Indra Sawhney (1992) reaffirmed the 50% ceiling to balance merit and social justice, allowing exceptions only in extraordinary circumstances.

Addressing Unequal Benefits: The Rohini Commission (2017-23) found 97% of OBC benefits go to 25% of sub-castes; raising quotas and introducing sub-categorisation could correct this imbalance.

Implementation Challenges: 40–50% of reserved seats remain unfilled, indicating that raising quotas without improving implementation will not increase representation.

Promoting Substantive Equality: The SC in State of Kerala vs. N.M. Thomas (1975) stated that reservations are a continuation of equality, not an exception, and should not be limited by numerical caps.

Creamy Layer Concerns: As the Davinder Singh (2024) case emphasized, intra-caste inequalities within SCs and STs must be addressed. Expanding reservations without excluding the creamy layer could worsen disparities.

State-Level Precedent: States like Tamil Nadu, Haryana, and Maharashtra have implemented reservations beyond 50%, reflecting the need to adapt policies to social realities.

Administrative Efficiency: Raising quotas excessively could compromise administrative efficiency by sidelining merit, potentially affecting governance.

What Measures Can be Taken for Effective Implementation of Reservation in India?

Conclusion

The reservation debate balances formal equality (equal treatment) with substantive equality (correcting historical disadvantages). While exceeding the 50% cap is constitutionally sensitive, it reflects demands for greater inclusion. Effective implementation requires data-driven policies, sub-categorisation, and focus on marginalised groups, complemented by skill development, to ensure reservations empower rather than exclude.

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically examine the role of reservation in promoting social justice in India. How can its benefits be made more equitable?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question:

Prelims

Q. Consider the following organizations/bodies in India: (2023)

  1. The National Commission for Backward Classes
  2. The National Human Rights Commission
  3. The National Law Commission
  4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

How many of the above constitutional bodies?

(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four

Ans: (a)

Mains:

Q. What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs). (2017)



Eklavya Model Residential Schools

11-07-2025

Source: TH 

Several students from Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) have cracked medical & engineering entrance exams.

Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) 

Other Initiatives for Tribal Education 

Read More: Recruitment Concerns in Eklavya Model 



Empowering States Through Science

11-07-2025

For Prelims: National Institution for Transforming India, Department of Science and Technology, Intellectual property, National Mission on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 

For Mains: Role of State S&T Councils in India's innovation ecosystem, Importance of decentralisation in research and innovation, Challenges and reforms in India’s grassroots innovation system 

Source: PIB

Why in News?

National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), in its report “ A Roadmap for Strengthening State Science and Technology (S&T) Councils”, has called for reforms in the funding and governance of State S&T Councils. 

What is the Role of State S&T Councils in India? 

What are the Key Challenges Faced by State S&T Councils? 

Success Stories of  State S&T Councils 

What are the Key Reforms Suggested by NITI Aayog to Strengthen SSTCs? 

NITI_Aayog

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the role of State Science and Technology Councils in promoting decentralised scientific governance in India. Highlight the key challenges they face in fulfilling this mandate.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims: 

Q.1 Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)? (2015) 

  1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government. 
  2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (a) 

Q2. For outstanding contribution to which one of the following fields is Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize given? (2009) 

(a) Literature 

(b) Performing Arts 

(c) Science 

(d) Social Service 

Ans: (c) 

Q3. Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the (2019) 

(a) Department of Science and Technology 

(b) Ministry of Labour and Employment 

(c) NITI Aayog 

(d) Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016)



Special Intensive Revision of Electoral Rolls

11-07-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court, Election Commission of India, Aadhaar, Electoral Roll, Representation of the People Act, 1950, Article 324.                  

For Mains: Need of revision of electoral rolls and associated concerns, Steps needed to ensure  integrity and accuracy of electoral rolls revision. 

Source: HT 

Why in News?

The Supreme Court (SC) is reviewing the Election Commission of India’s Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar and suggested accepting Aadhaar, voter ID, and ration cards as valid documents for voter enumeration. 

What are Key Facts Regarding the Special Intensive Revision of Electoral Rolls?

Note: Article 327 deals with the power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures. 

ECI 

What is the Need for Special Intensive Revision of Electoral Rolls? 

What Concerns are Associated with Special Intensive Revision of Electoral Rolls? 

How can the Integrity and Accuracy of the SIR Process be Strengthened? 

Conclusion 

The Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls is crucial for error-free elections but must balance accuracy with inclusivity. While the Supreme Court upheld the ECI’s authority, concerns over disenfranchisement and bias persist. Tech-driven verification, political consensus, and judicial oversight can strengthen SIR’s integrity, ensuring fair and transparent voter lists for democratic legitimacy. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. The Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls is essential for electoral integrity but raises concerns of exclusion. Critically analyze.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies. 
  2. In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies. 
  3. As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her winning in all the constituencies. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only  

(c) 1 and 3   

(d) 2 and 3  

Ans: (b) 


Mains

Q. Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (2022)



Aadi KARMAYOGI and TALASH

11-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched the first Regional Process Lab (RPL) under the Aadi KARMAYOGI, which focuses on strengthening local governance. 

What is Aadi KARMAYOGI? 

What is TALASH? 

Note: Tamanna (Try And Measure Aptitude And Natural Abilities) is an aptitude test developed by NCERT and Central Board of Secondary Education under the Ministry of Education. It helps students of Classes IX and X understand their strengths across various dimensions.  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (2019)

  1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.  
  2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.  
  3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.  
  4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1, 2 and 3  

(b) 2, 3 and 4  

(c) 1, 2 and 4  

(d) 1, 3 and 4  

Ans: C 



Indigenous MALE Drones

11-07-2025

Source: TH 

India is accelerating the procurement of 87 indigenously developed Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) drones, featuring at least 60% indigenous content, to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers and strengthen surveillance along its sea and land borders. 

India’s Indigenous Drones 

Drone Name 

Key Features 

Lakshya 

Target drone for reconnaissance and target acquisition; rocket-launched, turbojet-powered. 

Nishant 

Multi-mission UAV; day/night capable; used for surveillance, target tracking, and artillery fire correction. 

RUSTOM-1 

Short Range Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (SR-RPAS, 800 kg class); performs ISR, target acquisition, and image exploitation. 

TAPAS/Rustom-2 

MALE UAV developed for Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) roles. 

Archer 

Weaponized short-range UAV; for reconnaissance, surveillance, and low-intensity conflict. 

Note: All the above mentioned drones have been developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).  

Read More: UAVs in Modern Warfare 


Expansion of National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)

10-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare has expanded the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) by including 9 additional commodities, increasing the total tradable agricultural products on the platform to 247 from 238 

What is the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)? 

Other Digital Marketing Initiatives in Agriculture 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)? 
e-NAM is a pan-India electronic trading platform launched in 2016 to integrate mandis, enable transparent auctions, and improve price discovery for farmers. 

2. How many commodities are tradable on e-NAM after the latest expansion? 
247 agricultural commodities are now tradable on e-NAM after the inclusion of 9 new commodities. 

3. Which other digital initiatives complement e-NAM in India? 
Initiatives include Krishi UDAN 2.0, FPO formation and promotion, ITC e-Choupal, Agri-Stack, and Agri Market Infrastructure Fund (AMIF). 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims 

Q. In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? (2020)

  1. Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops  
  2. Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies  
  3. Social Capital development  
  4. Free electricity supply to farmers  
  5. Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system  
  6. Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2 and 5 only  

(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only  

(c) 2, 3 and 6 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6  

Ans: (c)

Q. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate -Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.  
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.  
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres.  

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d) 



Emerging Warfare Technologies and Self-Reliance in Defence Innovation

10-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

The Defence Minister of India highlighted that future wars will be shaped by Artificial Intelligence (AI), autonomous systems, drones, quantum computing, and directed-energy weapons as seen in Operation Sindoor and called on entrepreneurs and startups to set new benchmarks and create India’s first defence unicorn. 

How are Emerging Technologies Transforming the Nature of Warfare? 

Why is Self-Reliance in Defence Innovation Strategically Important for India? 

What are the Key India's Initiatives Related  Defence Startups? 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Assess India’s preparedness for future warfare considering emerging technologies and domestic innovation ecosystems.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). 

1. What are the key emerging technologies shaping modern warfare? 
AI, autonomous systems, drones, cyber warfare, quantum computing, directed-energy weapons, hypersonic missiles, swarming drones, AR/VR, exoskeletons, and space-based capabilities.

2. Why is indigenous defence technology important for India? 
Ensures strategic autonomy, reduces foreign dependence, strengthens operational readiness, promotes economic growth, and enhances global defence influence. 

3. What is iDEX and its role in defence innovation? 
iDEX connects startups/MSMEs with armed forces, providing funding, procurement, and scaling support for indigenous defence technologies. 

4. What government policies support defence startups and MSMEs? 
Make in India (Defence), Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020, SRIJAN Portal, and Positive Indigenisation Lists provide funding, procurement, and regulatory support.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)    

Prelims 

Q. What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (2018)   

(a) An Israeli radar system    

(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme    

(c) An American anti-missile system    

(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea.    

Ans: (c) 

Q. In the context of the Indian defence, what is ‘Dhruv’? (2008)

(a) Aircraft-carrying warship    

(b) Missile-carrying submarine    

(c) Advanced light helicopter    

(d) Intercontinental ballistic missile    

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



India-Israel Sign Bilateral Investment Agreement (BIA)

10-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India and Israel have signed a fresh bilateral investment treaty, making Israel the first OECD country to adopt India’s new investment treaty model.

What is a Bilateral Investment Agreement (BIA)?

Model BIT 2015

How Has the Bilateral Relationship Between India and Israel Evolved Over Time?

Israel

What are the Key Challenges Faced by India’s BIT framework, and Suggest Measures to Address Them?

Challenges

Suggested Measures

Lack of clarity in terms like "investment" and customary international law (CIL) leads to disputes.

Define terms like "investment" and "CIL" precisely to reduce legal ambiguities.

Delays in dispute resolution due to the requirement to exhaust local remedies.

Allow investors to choose between local courts or international arbitration upfront.

Exclusion of Most-Favored-Nation(MFN) and Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) reduces investor confidence.

Incorporate MFN and FET Provisions with safeguards to prevent treaty shopping while ensuring non-discrimination.

Exclusion from the ICSID Convention limits enforcement options for foreign investors.

Become a signatory to ICSID to enhance investor confidence and provide a globally recognized dispute resolution mechanism.

Conclusion:

The recent BIT signed with Israel underscores this evolving strategy, as Israel becomes the first OECD country to adopt India’s new treaty model. This agreement aims to boost trade and investment by providing greater certainty and protection for investors while maintaining India's right to regulate.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2018)

(a) China
(b) Israel 
(c) Iraq 
(d) Yemen

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss (2018)



CP Radhakrishnan Elected as Vice President

10-09-2025

Source: ToI

Why in News?

CP Radhakrishnan has been elected as India's 15th Vice President, defeating former Supreme Court Judge B Sudershan Reddy in the election following the resignation of Jagdeep Dhankhar.

In the election Radhakrishnan secured 452 votes, while Reddy garnered 300 votes with a high voting turnout of 98.2%.

CP Radhakrishnan

What are Key Facts About the Vice President (VP) of India? 

Some Unique Facts About Office of Vice President of India

VP of India



Urban Centres as Catalysts of India's Growth

10-07-2025

For Prelims: Gross Domestic Product, Asian Development Bank, Biomass, Sustainable Development Goal 

For Mains: Urbanisation and associated challenges in India, Role of cities in India’s economic growth 

Source: BL 

Why in News?  

India is undergoing a rapid urban transformation, with the urban population expected to reach 675 million by 2035 and 70 million more residents by 2045.  This rapid urbanization will shape the economic and social trajectory of India for decades to come. 

Why are Cities Central to India’s Economic Future? 

What are the Challenges Faced by Urban India? 

What are India's Initiatives for Promoting Growth and Sustainability in the Urban Sector?

What Reforms are Needed for India's Urban Future? 

Conclusion 

Indian cities are vital drivers of regional growth but face challenges in infrastructure, sustainability, and governance. Sustainable urban planning, improved public transport, and resource management are key to promoting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 (Sustainable Cities), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 10 (Reducing Inequalities), ensuring equitable urban development. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Urbanisation is both an opportunity and a challenge for India. Discuss

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Mains

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)  




INS Sutlej

09-10-2025

Source: PIB

INS Sutlej arrived at Port Louis to conduct the 18th Joint Hydrographic Survey in Mauritius.

Read More: India-Mauritius Relations 


India-Qatar Trade and Economic Cooperation

09-10-2025

For Prelims: Qatar, Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, Unified Payments Interface, LNG Supply Agreement, FDI, Za’ir-Al-Bahr, National Infrastructure Pipeline, ISRO.                                            

For Mains: India-Qatar Strategic Partnership: Analyzing Mutual Importance, Economic Synergy, and Future Trajectories in West Asian Geopolitics. 

Source: BS  

Why in News? 

The Union Minister of Commerce and Industry visited Qatar, to co-chair the India-Qatar Joint Commission on Economic and Commercial Cooperation, focusing on boosting bilateral trade and exploring new economic opportunities. 

What are the Key Outcomes of the India-Qatar Joint Commission Meeting? 

Qatar

How is the Partnership between India and Qatar Reflected Across Sectors? 

What is the Significance of India-Qatar Relations? 

India's Significance for Qatar 

Qatar's Significance for India 

Click Here to Read: Challenges in India-Qatar Bilateral Relations 

Click Here to Read: Way Forward 

Conclusion 

India-Qatar relations are multifaceted, combining trade, energy, investment, defense, and cultural cooperation. With a shared vision of doubling trade by 2030, strategic LNG supply agreements, digital integration via UPI, and strong diaspora ties, both nations are leveraging complementary strengths to foster sustainable economic growth and regional stability. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Assess the role of digital integration, trade diversification, and sectoral cooperation in strengthening India-Qatar bilateral ties.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the status of India-Qatar bilateral trade? 
Bilateral trade reached USD 14.15 billion in FY25, with India facing a trade deficit of USD 10.78 billion due to petroleum imports. 

2. How does Qatar contribute to India’s energy security? 
Qatar provides long-term LNG supply agreements (7.5 million tonnes/year from 2028), stabilizing prices and supporting India’s clean energy transition. 

3. What measures are being taken to address India's trade deficit with Qatar? 
Key measures include diversifying exports into pharmaceuticals, automobiles, and IT, pursuing a CEPA to reduce barriers, and promoting investments from the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA). 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question  

Prelims

Q. Which of the following is not a member of ‘Gulf Cooperation Council’? (2016)

(a) Iran  

(c) Oman  

(b) Saudi Arabia  

(d) Kuwait  

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyse India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries. (2017)



India’s Federal Design and J&K Statehood

09-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court of India has sought a detailed response from the Centre on restoring statehood to Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) in the plea Zahoor Ahmed Bhat vs UT of J&K

How are States Created in India?

Considerations for Formation of UTs

Constitutional Framework

Other Considerations

What is India’s Federal Design and its Impact on J&K Statehood?

Process for Restoring Statehood

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine India’s federal design and explain its significance in the context of restoring Jammu & Kashmir’s statehood.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains

Q. To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss The future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity. (2016)




Money Laundering Issue in India

09-08-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court, Money Laundering, Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, Enforcement Directorate, Enforcement Case Information Report 

For Mains: Legal and Regulatory framework in India to combat Money Laundering, Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA), Supreme Court Judgement and its Implications

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A report submitted by the Finance Minister in the Rajya Sabha reveals that the Enforcement Directorate (ED) has taken up 5,892 cases under Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 since 2015 but secured only 15 convictions. 

What is Money Laundering? 

What are the Key Reasons for Rising Money Laundering Cases in India? 

What are the Key Consequences of Money Laundering? 

Laundromat 

What is the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002? 

Key Judicial Cases Related ED 

What Measures Should be Taken to Tackle the Issue Money Laundering? 

Conclusion 

Money laundering is a grave threat to India’s financial stability and national security. While the PMLA offers a strong legal framework, its implementation is marred by delays, misuse, and low conviction rates. Combating this menace requires legal reforms, enhanced international cooperation, and strengthened institutional accountability.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss India’s institutional and legal measures to combat money laundering. What are the key challenges and the way forward? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q1. Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (2021) 

Q2. Money laundering poses a serious threat to a country's economic sovereignty. What is its significance for India and what steps are required to be taken to control this menace? (2013) 

Q3. India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same? (2018)



India-UAE 13th JDCC

09-08-2025

Source: PIB 

India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) reaffirmed their commitment to deepening defence ties during the 13th Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC) meeting held in New Delhi.

Key Outcomes of 13th JDCC Meet: 

Significance of India- UAE Relations: 

Read More:  



Diabetes in India

09-08-2025

Source: IE 

A Lancet Global Health study based on the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) found that at least one in five Indians aged 45 and above had diabetes in 2019. 

Note: Type 5 diabetes is a newly recognized form affecting lean teens and young adults with a body-mass index (BMI) below 18.5 kg/m².  

Read more: World Diabetes Day 2024 


MANAS Helpline

09-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The MANAS Helpline, launched in July 2024, has completed one year and received over 70,000 citizen reports on drug-related issues. 

MANAS 

India’s Framework to Fight Against Drug Menace 

Read More: Rising Drug Abuse Among Youth 


Passive Euthanasia in India

08-10-2025

For Prelims:  Euthanasia, Article 21, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 

For Mains: Constitutional Right to Die with Dignity under Article 21,Ethical principles in medical decision-making: Autonomy, Beneficence, Justice

Source:TH

Why in News?

In June 2025, the UK’s House of Commons passed the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill, which allows passive euthanasia and has now revived the global debate on the right to die with dignity.  

What is Euthanasia?

Did you Know?

What are the Ethical Perspectives of Euthanasia?

Why is there a Need to Reform Passive Euthanasia in India?

What Reforms are Needed for Passive Euthanasia in India?

Conclusion

Reforming passive euthanasia is crucial to make the law workable, ethical, and aligned with India’s constitutional commitment to dignity in dying, bridging the gap between legal recognition and practical access.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Examine the ethical and legal challenges surrounding passive euthanasia in India and suggest reforms to ensure the constitutional promise of dignity in death

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is passive euthanasia?
    Passive euthanasia involves withholding or withdrawing life-support or medical treatment from terminally ill patients, allowing natural death while protecting the right to die with dignity.
  2. Is active euthanasia legal in India?
    No. Active euthanasia is illegal under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) as it is considered culpable homicide or murder.
  3. Which Supreme Court cases recognised passive euthanasia in India? 
    Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011) and Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) established legal recognition of passive euthanasia and living wills.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? (2018) 

(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.  

(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.  

(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.  

(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.  

Ans: (C)


Mains

Q. In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care.Discuss.(2020)



WHO Classified Hepatitis D as Carcinogenic

08-08-2025

Source: IE

The World Health Organization (WHO) has reclassified Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) as carcinogenic. 

Hepatitis 

Hepatitis

Read More: Global Hepatitis Report 2024World Hepatitis Day

 



17th BRICS Summit

08-07-2025

For Prelims: BRICS, IMF, World Bank, Emerging Markets and Developing Countries’ (EMDCs), WTO, Carbon Market, Two-state Solution, New Development Bank, UN Security Council, G7, G20, NAM, G77, Credit Rating Agency, SWIFT Systems, Free Trade Agreement (FTA).                          

For Mains: Role and relevance of BRICS in current global order, Associated challenges and way forward. 

Source: TH  

Why in News? 

India’s Prime Minister took part in the 17th BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under the theme "Strengthening Global South Cooperation for More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance," and signed the Rio de Janeiro Declaration. 

What are the Key Outcomes of the 17th BRICS Summit? 

What is BRICS? 

How is BRICS Redefining Power Dynamics in Global Governance? 

What are the Key Challenges Hindering BRICS Functioning in the Current Global Order? 

How Can BRICS Enhance Its Institutional Capacity and Leadership Role? 

Conclusion 

BRICS, with institutional reforms, financial integration, and strategic unity, can emerge as a powerful bloc for Global South representation. By addressing internal contradictions and boosting intra-group cooperation, it can challenge Western-dominated systems while fostering inclusive growth. India’s 2026 chairmanship presents a crucial opportunity to shape this vision. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically examine the role of BRICS in promoting Global South cooperation and reforming global governance structures.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. New Development Bank has been set up by APEC.  
  2. The headquarters of the New Development Bank is in Shanghai.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (b) 

Q. The ‘Fortaleza Declaration’, recently in the news, is related to the affairs of (2015)

(a) ASEAN  

(b) BRICS  

(c) OECD  

(d) WTO  

Ans: (b)



Female Labour Force Participation in India

07-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

India’s female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) has seen a significant rise in recent years. While this seems promising for gender equality, a closer look reveals persistent challenges in employment quality, wages, and sectoral distribution for women. 

What are the Trends in Female Labour Force Participation in India? 

What Structural Constraints Continue to Undermine Women’s Labour Market Outcomes? 

How can India Transform Rise in FLFPR into Qualitative Economic Inclusion? 

Conclusion 

India’s rising female labour force participation reflects resilience, not necessarily empowerment. True progress lies in turning this quantitative surge into quality employment, fair wages, and equal access to opportunities. Achieving this transformation is central to SDG 5: Gender Equality, ensuring women’s full and effective participation in economic life. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Rising female labour participation in India reflects resilience, not empowerment. Discuss with reference to the quality of women’s employment.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is India’s current Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR)? 
As per Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023–24, India’s FLFPR stands at 41.7%, up from 23.3% in 2017–18. 

2. Which group has driven the rise in FLFPR? 
The increase is primarily led by rural women, often entering the workforce due to economic distress and household income needs. 

3. What sectors dominate women’s employment in India? 
Around 76.9% of rural women remain in agriculture, with declining participation in industry and services. 

4. Why is the rise in FLFPR seen as distress-driven? 
Most new work is in unpaid or self-employment, indicating economic compulsion rather than formal job creation. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. Disguised unemployment generally means (2013) 

(a) large number of people remain unemployed   

(b) alternative employment is not available   

(c) marginal productivity of labour is zero   

(d) productivity of workers is low   

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements. (2023)  

Q. “Success of ‘Make in India’ program depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (2015)  

Q. “While we flaunt India’s demographic dividend, we ignore the dropping rates of employability.” What are we missing while doing so? Where will the jobs that India desperately needs come from? Explain.  (2014)



People’s Plan Campaign (PPC) 2025–26

07-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Ministry of Panchayati Raj launched the People’s Plan Campaign (PPC) 2025–26: “Sabki Yojana, Sabka Vikas” across all States and Union Territories.  

What is the People’s Plan Campaign (PPC)? 

People’s_Plan_Campaign

What is the Role of Panchayats in India’s Development Framework? 

What are the Key Challenges and Actionable Strategies for Improving the Effectiveness of PPC? 

Challenges

Actionable Strategies

  • Train Panchayat officials and facilitators through State Institutes of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (SIRD&PRs).
  • Panchayats earn only 1% of their revenue through taxes. The majority of their revenue comes from grants provided by the Centre and the States.  
  • Limited OSR reduces autonomy in implementing development priorities. 
  • Some regions have also reported non-receipt of funds under key schemes, impacting their functioning.
  • Incentivize OSR mobilization and performance-linked grants recommended by the 15th Finance Commission.
  • Poor connectivity in remote areas hampers e-governance and real-time monitoring via platforms like eGramSwaraj.
  • Expand BharatNet, digital infrastructure, train stakeholders on eGramSwaraj, Panchayat NIRNAY, and Meri Panchayat App.
  • Multi-departmental convergence remains weak, affecting holistic planning.

 

Conclusion 

The People’s Plan Campaign is strengthening decentralization by combining community participation with digital planning. PPC 2025–26 can make Panchayati Raj more transparent, inclusive, and accountable, driving equitable rural growth and advancing India’s vision of Viksit Bharat by 2047. 

Drishti Mains Question:

How does the People’s Plan Campaign strengthen participatory governance at the Panchayat level?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): 

1. What is the People’s Plan Campaign (PPC)? 
The PPC, launched in 2018, is a nationwide initiative promoting participatory, transparent, and accountable local governance through Gram, Block, and District Panchayat Development Plans. 

2. Which constitutional provision empowers Panchayats under PPC? 
Article 243G of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 empowers Panchayats to plan and implement programs for economic development and social justice at the local level. 

3. What digital tools are used in PPC 2025–26 for planning and monitoring? 
Platforms like eGramSwaraj, Panchayat NIRNAY, Meri Panchayat App, along with Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) and SabhaSaar, support planning, progress assessment, and community engagement. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. Local self-government can be best explained as an exercise in (2017) 

(a) Federalism 

(b) Democratic decentralisation 

(c) Administrative delegation 

(d) Direct democracy 

Ans: (b) 

Q. The fundamental object of Panchayati Raj system is to ensure which among the following? (2015)

  1. People’s participation in development 
  2. Political accountability 
  3. Democratic decentralisation 
  4. Financial mobilisation 

Select the correct answer using the code given below 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)


Mains 

Q. To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (2022)

Q. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources can the Panchayats look out for financing developmental projects? (2018)

Q. In absence of a well-educated and organised local level government system,`Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss. (2015)



NAVYA Initiative

07-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational Training for Young Adolescent Girls (NAVYA) initiative, launched under Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 4.0, aims to empower adolescent girls aged 16-18 by providing them with vocational training in emerging job sectors. 

What is the NAVYA Initiative? 

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 

PMKVY 4.0

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the NAVYA initiative? 
It is a joint effort by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) and the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) to provide skill training and holistic development to adolescent girls aged 16–18 . 

2. Which sectors and skills does NAVYA focus on? 
NAVYA offers training in emerging and non-traditional sectors like AI-enabled services, cybersecurity, digital marketing, drone assembly, and CCTV installation.  

3. How does NAVYA empower adolescent girls beyond vocational skills? 
It integrates life skills, health and nutrition, financial literacy, workplace safety (POSH & POCSO awareness), to ensure holistic development and socio-economic independence. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims: 

Q. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment. 
  2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, and financial and digital literacy. 
  3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 and 3 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)



Bonn Climate Change Conference 2025

07-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?

The 62nd annual session of the Bonn Climate Change Conference was held in Bonn, Germany. This mid-year meeting sets the stage for key climate negotiations ahead of the 30th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Belem, Brazil.

What is the Bonn Climate Change Conference? 

What are the Key Takeaways from the Bonn Conference 2025? 

Nationally Determined Contributions 

UNFCCC_And_COP

Read more: UNFCCC COP29 Baku 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the role of international climate negotiations like the Bonn Climate Change Conference in strengthening global environmental governance.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims: 

Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017. 
  2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels. 
  3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 3 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: B 


Mains: 

Q. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)

Q. Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (2021)



India’s First Cooperative Compressed Biogas Plant

06-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation inaugurated India’s first cooperative multi-feed Compressed Biogas (CBG) plant in Kopargaon, Maharashtra. 

Feature 

CBG (Compressed Biogas) 

CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) 

Source 

Produced from biomass and organic waste. 

Extracted from fossil fuels (natural gas fields) 

Environmental Impact 

Eco-friendly, reduces air pollution (e.g., stubble burning), utilizes waste, supports circular economy 

Cleaner than petrol/diesel but fossil fuel-based, contributes to greenhouse gas emissions if not captured efficiently. 

Dependence on Imports 

Can be produced domestically from local biomass, reducing import dependence 

Import dependency in the case of natural gas was at 50.8% in FY25, increasing foreign dependence 

Commercial Viability 

Supports rural employment and renewable energy initiatives 

Conventional energy source, limited scope for rural livelihood creation 

Read more: India's Green Future through BioCNG 


India Calls for UN Reforms at 80th UNGA Session

06-10-2025

For Prelims: United Nations General Assembly, G20, BRICS, African Union, Intergovernmental Negotiations  

For Mains: UN Structure and Functioning, Challenges Confronting the United Nations, Role India can Play in Driving UN Reforms

Source: TH 

Why in News?

India’s External Affairs Minister addressed the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in New York, highlighting the need for UN reform and India’s readiness to assume greater responsibilities in driving UN reforms.

What is the Need for UN Reforms? 

United_Nations

What Role Can India Play in Driving UN Reforms? 

What Steps can Ensure Effective and Inclusive Reforms at the UN? 

Conclusion 

For the UN to remain relevant in the 21st century, reforms must balance power between historical global powers and emerging nations. Effective, inclusive reforms will not only strengthen global governance but also enhance the legitimacy of the UN in addressing international peace, security, and development challenges. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Critically examine the challenges faced by the United Nations in the 21st century. How can India contribute to addressing these challenges?

1. What is the main purpose of the United Nations? 
To maintain international peace and security, promote human rights, and foster socio-economic development globally.

2. Why is UN reform needed? 
To address decision-making gridlock, outdated Security Council representation, financial dependence, and inefficiencies in bureaucracy.

3. What is a differentiated veto mechanism in the UN? 
A veto override system for resolutions on genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity via a supermajority vote in the General Assembly.

4. What role can India play in UN reforms? 
Advocating for Security Council expansion, promoting Global South interests, leading counter-terrorism frameworks, and using multilateral diplomacy.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. With reference to the “United Nations Credentials Committee”, consider the following statements: (2022) 

  1. It is a committee set up by the UN Security Council and works under its supervision.   
  2. It traditionally meets in March, June and September every year   
  3. It assesses the credentials of all UN members before submitting a report to the General Assembly for approval.   

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (2022) 

(a) 3 only   

(b) 1 and 3   

(c) 2 and 3   

(d) 1 and 2   

Ans: (a)

Q. With reference to the United Nations, consider the following statements: (2009) 

  1. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the UN consists of 24 member States.  
  2. It is elected by a 2/3rd majority of the General  Assembly for a 3-year term.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only    

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2    

(d) Neither 1 nor 2   

Ans: (b)


Mains:

Q. What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it. (2017) 

Q. Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council (2015)



Exercise KONKAN 2025

06-10-2025

Source: TH 

The Indian Navy and the UK Royal Navy have commenced the bilateral Exercise KONKAN-25 off India’s western coast, marking two decades of growing naval interoperability 

UK

Read more:India-UK Vision 2035 and CETA 


Environment Audit Rules, 2025

06-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has notified the Environment Audit Rules, 2025 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, to establish a comprehensive framework for environmental accountability across India. 

What are the Key Features of the Environment Audit Rules, 2025?

Key_Regulatory_Stakeholders_Environment_ Audit Rules

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area? (2012) 

  1. Global warming 
  2. Fragmentation of habitat 
  3. Invasion of alien species 
  4. Promotion of vegetarianism 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a)


Q2. Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in the following ways: (2011) 

  1. Soil formation 
  2. Prevention of soil erosion 
  3. Recycling of waste 
  4. Pollination of crops 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d)



Bioproducts

06-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), under its BioE3 Policy, is setting up 16 biomanufacturing hubs across India to boost domestic production of bioproducts such as APIs, biofuel enzymes, reagents for biofertilizers.

What are Bioproducts?

Bioproducts

Government Initiatives Related to Biotechnology

Did You Know?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Other than resistance to pests, what are the prospects for which genetically engineered plants have been created? (2012)

  1. To enable them to withstand drought 
  2. To increase the nutritive value of the produce 
  3. To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in spaceships and space stations 
  4. To increase their shelf life 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 3 and 4 only 
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)



Sample Registration System (SRS) Statistical Report 2023

06-09-2025

Source: TH

The Sample Registration System (SRS) Statistical Report 2023 highlights significant demographic shifts in fertility, mortality in India.

About SRS

SRS_Data

Read More: Human Development Report 2025



AI in Public Service Delivery

06-08-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

India’s first Artificial intelligence (AI) powered Anganwadi was launched in Waddhamna village, Nagpur district, Maharashtra.  

How can AI Aid in Public Service Delivery? 

AI

Conclusion 

AI’s integration into India’s public service delivery enhances efficiency, inclusivity, and accessibility, improving governance. Through initiatives like the IndiaAI Mission, India is advancing towards a more transparent, citizen-centric system, positioning itself as a global leader in AI-powered governance. 

Drishti Mains Question:

How is Artificial Intelligence reshaping public service delivery in India? Illustrate with examples.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q. e-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness, transparency and accountability in governments. What inadequacies hamper the enhancement of these features? (2023)

Q. E-Governance is not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but also much about critical importance of the ‘use value’ of information Explain. (2018) 




Skill Impact Bonds

06-08-2025

Source: TOI 

Why in News? 

As India strives for economic growth and inclusive development, innovative models like the Skill Impact Bond (SIB) are emerging to address key challenges in skilling and employment, especially among marginalized communities and women.

What is the Skill Impact Bond (SIB)? 

SIB

What is the Status of Skill Development in India? 

What are the Key Challenges Hindering Skill Development in India? 

Key Skill Development Schemes and Initiatives  

What Measures Should be Taken to Reform India’s Skilling Ecosystem? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the significance of the Skill Impact Bond (SIB) initiative in reimagining India’s skilling ecosystem. How does it promote gender empowerment and innovation in outcome-based financing?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.  
  2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, and financial and digital literacy.  
  3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (2016) 

Q: “Earn while you learn" scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and skill training meaningful.” Comment (2021)



Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025

05-09-2025

Source: BS

Why in News?

The Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 came into effect on 1st September 2025, consolidating India’s immigration laws, imposing stricter penalties for forged documents, and strengthening reporting and monitoring of foreigners.

What are the Key Provisions of the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025?

Did You Know?

Read more: Refugee, Deportation and Related Issues in India




Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana

05-08-2025

Source: TH

The Union Cabinet has approved a total outlay of ₹6,520 crore for Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) during the 15th Finance Commission Cycle (2021–22 to 2025–26). This includes an additional ₹1,920 crore for enhancing food processing infrastructure and safety measures.

Read More: Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana, Revolutionizing India's Food Processing Landscape




Matri Van Initiative

05-08-2025

Source: PIB

The ‘Matri Van’, a large-scale urban afforestation initiative under the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ campaign, was launched as part of Van Mahotsav 2025 in Gurugram, Haryana.

‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ Campaign

Aravalli Green Wall Project

Read More: Aravali Green Wall Project, Critical Threats Facing the Aravallis



Global Energy Status

05-08-2025

Source:DTE

Why in News? 

The International Energy Agency’s Electricity Mid‑Year Update 2025 highlights rising power demand fueled by heatwaves, air conditioners, data centres, and electric vehicles, while solar, wind, and nuclear energy rapidly reshape the global electricity mix.

What are the Key Highlights of the IEA's Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025?

What is India’s Energy Landscape?

Source

Capacity(GW)

Percentage Share

Thermal

242.04

49.92%

Nuclear

8.78

1.81%

Large Hydro (LH)

49.38

10.19%

RenewableEnergy(RE)

184.62

38.08%

Total

484.82

100%

Category

Capacity (GW)

Percentage Share

Fossil Fuel (Thermal)

242.04

49.92%

Non-Fossil Fuel (RE + LH + Nuclear)

242.78

50.08%

Total

484.82

100%

Scheme

Objective

PM-KUSUM

Promote solar energy use in agriculture

PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana

Rooftop solar for 1 crore homes

Solar Parks

Infrastructure for large-scale solar projects

PLI Scheme for Solar Modules

Boost domestic solar photovoltaic  manufacturing

National Bioenergy Programme

Waste-to-energy, biomass, and biogas for power generation

PM JANMAN (Solar Component)

Electrify tribal/PVTG households using off-grid solar

National Green Hydrogen Mission

Make India a global hub for green hydrogen production

International Energy Agency

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. What are the initiatives taken by India to position itself as a global leader in renewable energy, and how successful have they been?

  UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains 

Q. Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our Government for this purpose? (2020).
Q. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyse India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries (2017)
Q. “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)
Q. Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problem of conventional energy.(2013).



Parliamentary Panel Highlights Funding Cuts to Rural Bodies

05-08-2025

For Prelims:

Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), 11th Schedule, State Finance Commissions (SFCs), GST, Gram Sabha, Finance Commissions.   

For Mains:

Issues in Funding of Rural Local Bodies and Functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj has flagged the “steady decline in the allocation of funds to Panchayati Raj Institutions” and urged the Centre to take “urgent steps” to ensure that adequate, untied, and performance-linked funds are allocated to rural local bodies.

What are the Sources of Funds for Rural Local Bodies?

What are the Issues Related to Funding of Rural Local Bodies?

Status of PRI Funding (Status of Devolution to Panchayats in States Report 2024)

What are the Steps Needed to Improve Funding of Rural Local Bodies?

Conclusion

To ensure the effective functioning of PRIs, it is essential to prioritize timely devolution of funds, enhance revenue generation at the local level, and strengthen institutional mechanisms for transparency and accountability, while promoting sustainable governance practices and empowering rural bodies for long-term growth.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss the implications of reduced funding to rural bodies on rural development. What measures can be taken to mitigate its effects?

  UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims 

Local self-government can be best explained as an exercise in (2017)

(a) Federalism 
(b) Democratic decentralisation 
(c) Administrative delegation 
(d) Direct democracy 

Ans: (b)


Q. The fundamental object of the Panchayati Raj system is to ensure which among the following? (2015)

  1. People’s participation in development
  2. Political accountability
  3. Democratic decentralization
  4. Financial mobilization

Select the correct answer using the code given below 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only  
(b) 2 and 4 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q1. To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (2022) 

Q2. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources can the Panchayats look out for financing developmental projects? (2018)



NITI Aayog Report on Chemical Industry

05-07-2025

For Prelims: NITI Aayog, Global Value Chains, Chemical Industry, Viability Gap Funding (VGF), Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), PLI Scheme, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), Anti-dumping, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), MSME.                       

For Mains: Status and challenges associated with the chemical industry in India, NITI Aayog proposed policy interventions to promote chemical industry. 

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

NITI Aayog released its report titled Chemical Industry: Powering India’s Participation in Global Value Chains, outlining an ambitious roadmap for India to become a global chemical manufacturing powerhouse. 

What is the Status of the Chemical Industry in India? 

What are the Opportunities in India’s Chemical Industry? 

India's_2030_Aspiration 

What are the Proposed Policy Interventions by NITI Aayog to Promote Chemical Industry? 

Policy_Interventions_for_Chemical_Industry

India’s Initiatives to Support the Chemical Industry 

What Steps are Needed to Strengthen the Chemical Industry? 

Conclusion 

India’s chemical industry, a GDP growth driver, aims to become a global manufacturing hub by 2030 through policy interventions like chemical hubs, OPEX subsidies, FTAs, and an R&D push. Overcoming import dependency, regulatory hurdles, and sustainability challenges requires global integration, safety enforcement, green chemistry, and skill development to achieve USD 1 trillion market potential.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the status, challenges, and policy measures required to make India a global leader in the chemical industry. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims  

Q. In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998  

(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999  

(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011  

(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011  

Ans: (c)  




Plastic Waste a Public Health Threat

05-07-2025

For Prelims: Microplastics, Single-Use Plastics, Virgin plastic, Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals 

For Mains: Plastic Waste Management, Conservation Environmental Pollution & Degradation Government Policies & Interventions. 

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

Studies have found alarming levels of microplastics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in human tissues. India, as the world’s top plastic waste generator, faces a growing public health crisis linked to fertility issues, cancers, and chronic diseases. 

How are Microplastics and EDC in Plastics Affecting Human Health?  

Plastics 

What are the Concerns with Plastic Pollution in India? 

India’s Initiatives Related to Plastic Waste Management 

Plastics_Management

How Can India Combat the Growing Threat of Plastics? 

Drishti Mains Question:

India is now the world’s top plastic polluter. Examine the socio-economic and health impacts of plastics. Suggest reforms to tackle this crisis.

  

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q.1 In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 

(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999 

(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 

(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011 

Ans: (c) 

Q.2 How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)? (2018) 

  1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government. 
  2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into the environment? (2019)

(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems. 

(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children. 

(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields. 

(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants. 

Ans: (a) 


Mains 

Q: What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our a habitable environment? (2018)



RECLAIM Framework for Mine Closure

05-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Coal launched the RECLAIM Framework to ensure just and sustainable mine closures through inclusive community participation. 

What is RECLAIM Framework? 

RECLAIM_ Framework

What are the Key Challenges Related to Coal Mine Closure? 

About Coal 

Coal_Reserves

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically analyse the socio-economic and ecological consequences of unscientific coal mine closures in India. How does the RECLAIM Framework aim to address these issues?

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q1. Consider the following statements: (2019) 

  1. The coal sector was nationalized by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi. 
  2. Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis. 
  3. Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only  
(c) 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Mains 

Q. Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (2021)

Q. “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. (2017)



SC Upholds Legislative Authority of State

05-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Supreme Court  ruling in the Nandini Sundar vs. State of Chhattisgarh 2012 case sheds light on the role of state legislatures in passing laws and their relationship with judicial orders in India’s democratic framework. 

Nandini Sundar vs. State of Chhattisgarh Case, 2012 

Salwa Judum & Koya Commandos 

Read More: SC Verdict on Governors' Powers over State Bills 


Chemical Weapons Convention

05-07-2025

Source: PIB 

India hosted the 23rd Regional Meeting of National Authorities of States Parties in Asia under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). 

Chemical Weapons Convention 

Read More: Chemical Weapons Convention and Biological Weapons Convention 


Sustainable E-Waste Management Strategies

04-10-2025

For Prelims: E-waste, Heavy Metals, Particulate Matter, DNA, Extended Producer Responsibility, Central Pollution Control Board, Blockchain, Right-to-Repair.                                         

For Mains: E-Waste Management in India: Current Status, Challenges, Socio-Economic Impacts, Policy Initiatives, and Way Forward. 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

India generated 2.2 million metric tonnes (MT) of e-waste in 2025, becoming the third-largest global generator after China and the US. However, informal recycling exposes millions, especially marginalised communities, to serious health risks, making it a major urban challenge. 

E- Waste 

What are the Key Challenges Associated with Managing E-waste in India? 

How Does E-Waste Impact the Environment and Human Health? 

How can India Make E-waste Management More Sustainable and Efficient? 

Conclusion 

India’s booming digital transformation has intensified its e-waste crisis, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities. Sustainable solutions require formalising the informal sector, strengthening enforcement, leveraging technology, promoting consumer responsibility, and embracing circular economy principles. Urgent multi-stakeholder action is essential to safeguard public health, environmental integrity, and long-term economic resilience.

Drishti Mains Question:

"India's digital leap has an unintended consequence: a silent e-waste epidemic." Critically examine this statement, analyzing the socio-economic and environmental challenges posed by informal e-waste recycling in urban India.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is India’s current e-waste generation status? 
India generated 2.2 million MT of e-waste in 2025, ranking third globally, with urban hotspots like Delhi, Moradabad, and Bhiwandi contributing over 60%. 

2. What is the concept of 'urban mining' in the context of e-waste management? 
It treats e-waste as a valuable resource by recovering precious and rare-earth metals from discarded electronics, promoting a circular economy and reducing the need for virgin material extraction. 

3. What are the major health risks associated with informal e-waste recycling? 
Informal recycling exposes workers to respiratory illnesses, neurological damage, skin disorders, DNA damage, and developmental delays, especially in children. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions  

Prelims:

Q. Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (2013)

  1. Beryllium  
  2. Cadmium  
  3. Chromium  
  4. Heptachlor  
  5. Mercury  
  6. Lead  
  7. Plutonium  

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

(a) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only  

(b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only  

(c) 2, 4, 5 and 7 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7  

Ans: (b)


Mains:

Q. What are the impediments in disposing of the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we safely remove the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (2018)



Sir Creek

04-10-2025

Source: TH 

India’s Defence Minister has stated that any aggressive action by Pakistan in the Sir Creek area would be responded to firmly, highlighting India’s readiness and vigilance. 

Sir Creek

Read more: Disputed Territories of India 


Model Youth Gram Sabha(MYGS)

04-10-2025

Source: IE 

The Centre is set to launch the Model Youth Gram Sabha (MYGS), a school-based initiative inspired by Model UN simulations, to provide students practical exposure to local governance and Panchayati Raj functioning. 

MYGS 

Read More: Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats 


India’s Suspect Registry and Cybersecurity Initiatives

04-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

India’s online suspect registry has saved around Rs 5,100 crore by blocking 13 lakh fraudulent transactions, and it has quickly become a key tool in India’s fight against cybercrime.

What is a Suspect Registry?

Cybercrime Trends in India

Cyber_Crimes

Click here to Read: Cyber Frauds

What are India's Cybersecurity Initiatives?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the institutional and digital mechanisms established by India to prevent and respond to cybercrime.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020) 

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer 
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so 
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion 
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only 
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only 
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (b)


Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017) 

  1. Service providers 
  2. Data centres 
  3. Body corporate 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 
(b) 1 and 2 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



Single Window System for State DGP Appointments

04-08-2025

Source: TH

The Union Government has introduced a Single Window System (SWS) to standardize and simplify the appointment of State Director Generals of Police (DGPs)/Heads of Police Force (HoPF). 

Key Features of the SWS: 

Superintendence over the State Police: 

State Police System

SC on Police Reform

Read More: Revamping India’s Police System 



Anti-Defection Law

04-08-2025

For Prelims: Tenth Schedule, Judicial review, Supreme Court,  Speaker , Members of Legislative Assembly 

For Mains: Anti-Defection Law, Statutory, regulatory, and various quasi-judicial bodies, Separation of powers between various organs, Amendments. 

Source:IE 

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court (SC) of India, in the case of Padi Kaushik Reddy v. The State of Telangana (2025), criticized the Telangana Assembly Speaker for the delayed decisions on disqualification petitions against Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) who defected in 2024.  

Note: Defection means a conscious abandonment of party allegiance or duty. 

What is the Anti-Defection Law? 

Anti-Defection_Law

What are the Criticisms of the Anti-Defection Law? 

What has been the Supreme Court’s Stance on Anti-Defection Case? 

How Can India Strengthen its Anti-Defection Law? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically evaluate the effectiveness of the Anti-Defection Law in curbing political opportunism.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. Which one of the following Schedules of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding anti-defection? (2014)

(a) Second Schedule 
(b) Fifth Schedule 
(c) Eighth Schedule  
(d) Tenth Schedule 

Ans: (d) 


Mains:

The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law which was legislated but with a different intention? (2013)



Custodial Torture in India

04-07-2025

For Prelims: Scheduled Castes (SCs), Article 21, Article 20(1), Article 20(3), Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UNCAT, NHRC.                          

For Mains: Situation of custodial torture in India, Measures needed to prevent custodial torture. 

Source: TH  

Why in News? 

The custodial death in Tamil Nadu has once again brought the issue of custodial torture into the spotlight. 

What is Custodial Torture? 

What are the Constitutional and Legal Safeguards in Place Against Custodial Torture? 

Constitutional Provisions 

Legal Provisions 

International Provisions 

Click Here to Read: UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT), 1984

 

What are the Challenges in Curbing Custodial Torture? 

Key Recommendations to Prevent Custodial Torture 

What Measures can be taken to Address Custodial Torture in India? 

Conclusion 

Custodial torture remains a grave human rights violation in India, exacerbated by legal gaps, institutional impunity, and systemic failures. Strengthening laws (BNS/BNSS reforms, UNCAT ratification), ensuring independent oversight, and police accountability are critical to ending this menace. Without urgent action, custodial deaths and torture will persist unchecked.

Drishti Mains Question:

"Despite constitutional safeguards, custodial torture persists in India due to institutional impunity." Critically analyze this statement and suggest reforms.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Mains

Q. Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analysing their structural and practical limitations, suggest remedial measures. (2021) 

Q. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective when its tasks are adequately supported by other mechanisms that ensure the accountability of a government. In light of the above observation, assess the role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions in promoting and protecting human rights standards. (2014)



Collegium System of Judicial Appointments in India

03-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Supreme Court of India returned to its full sanctioned strength of 34 judges, with the appointment of two new judges recommended by the Collegium system.

What is the Collegium System?

Evolution of the Collegium System

Constitutional Basis for Appointment of Judges

What are the Arguments for and Against the Collegium System of Appointment?

Arguments for

Arguments Against

Conclusion

The Collegium system, though criticized, remains a cornerstone of India’s judicial independence. It can be further strengthened by introducing checks and balances, greater transparency, and merit-based oversight, while remaining free from executive influence.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Judicial Appointments in India remain a contested arena between judicial independence and democratic accountability. Examine the evolution and challenges of the Collegium system.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review. 
  2. The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)

Mains 

Q. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on the ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (2017)



NCB’s Operation- MED MAX

03-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), under Operation MED MAX and in coordination with international agencies, has dismantled a transnational drug cartel operating across more than 10 countries in Asia, North America, Europe, and Oceania. 

Read more: Combating Synthetic Drug Trafficking in India 




National Sports Policy 2025

03-07-2025

For Prelims: 1991 Economic Reforms, Olympics, Khelo India, Fit India Movement, Wrestling Federation of India 

For Mains: Evolution of sports policy in India, Challenges in India’s sports ecosystem, Sports governance and reforms 

Source:PIB 

Why in News? 

The Union Cabinet has approved the National Sports Policy (NSP) 2025  (Khelo Bharat Niti 2025), replacing the National Sports Policy, 2001. It outlines a roadmap to make India a global sporting powerhouse with a focus on the 2036 Olympics. 

What are the Key Pillars of the National Sports Policy 2025? 

How has India’s Sports Policy Evolved? 

Major_Sports_Schemes

What are the Challenges in India's Sports Ecosystem? 

What Measures can be Taken to Promote Sports in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s transformation into a global sporting power demands more than policies—it needs implementation, accountability, and sustained vision. With NSP 2025 and the 2036 Olympic aspiration, India stands at a historic juncture. If backed by reforms, inclusivity, and investment, sports can emerge as a powerful engine of national development.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the key features of the National Sports Policy 2025. Examine the persistent challenges in the Indian sports ecosystem and suggest systemic reforms.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q1. Consider the following statements in respect of the Laureus World Sports Award which was instituted in the year 2000: (2021) 

  1. American golfer Tiger Woods was the first winner of this award. 
  2. The award was received mostly by ‘Formula One’ players so far. 
  3. Roger Federer received this award the maximum number of times compared to others. 

Which of the above statements are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 

Q2. Consider the following statements in respect of the ICC World Test Championship: (2021) 

  1. The finalists were decided by the number of matches they won. 
  2. New Zealand was ranked ahead of England because it won more matches than England. 

Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans : (d)



Aadi Vaani: AI Translator for Tribal Languages

02-09-2025

Source: TH

The Union government launched the beta version of Aadi Vaani, India’s First AI-powered Translator for Adivasi languages, to strengthen communication and capacity-building in tribal districts.

BHASHINI (BHASHa INterface for India)

Read more:  Digital India BHASHINI




Slums in Floodplains

02-08-2025

For Prelims: UN-HABITAT, Smart Cities Mission, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, National Sample Survey Office, Ganga 

For Mains: Urbanisation and associated problems, Social justice and vulnerable sections, rights of slum dwellers. 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A global study, published in Nature Cities, has revealed that India has the world’s highest number of slum clusters located in flood-prone areas.  

What are the Global Trends in Flood Risk and Slum Settlements? 

Factors Responsible for Flooding in India 

Urban Flood

What is the Status of Slums in India? 

What Measures can be Adopted for Sustainable Slum and Flood Management? 

Conclusion

As the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development deadline approaches, there is an urgent need to address flood vulnerability in slum settlements. Efforts must be accelerated to achieve SDG Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), and SDG Goal 1 (No Poverty), especially for communities already living in flood-exposed areas.

Drishti Mains Question: 

"The growth of informal settlements in flood-prone zones reflects the failure of urban governance in India." Discuss.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims:

Q. La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (2011)

  1. La Nina is characterised by an usually cold ocean temperature in equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterised by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
  2. El Nino has adverse effect on south-west monsoon of India but La Nina has no effect on monsoon climate.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (d)


Mains:

Q. Does urbanization lead to more segregation and/or marginalization of the poor in Indian metropolises? (2023)

Q. Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (2020)

Q. Discuss the various social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India. (2013)




5 Years of NEP 2020

02-08-2025

For Prelims: National Education Policy (NEP 2020), PM SHRI, Right to Education Act, 2009, PARAKH, NISHTHA, PM e-VIDYA, DIKSHA, Vidya Samiksha Kendra, SDG, Centrally Sponsored Scheme, Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities (MERUs)  

For Mains: Key Achievements & Challenges Related to NEP 2020, Government Policies Related to Education, Measures to Strengthen NEP. 

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Union Education Minister inaugurated the Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Samagam (ABSS) 2025 to mark the 5th anniversary of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. 

What are the Key Achievements of NEP 2020? 

What is the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020? 

National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

NEP Targets

Schemes Under NEP 

What are the Key Challenges Related to the NEP 2020? 

What Steps are Needed to Strengthen the Implementation of NEP 2020? 

Conclusion 

NEP 2020 provides a transformative vision for a 21st-century education system. Notable progress includes Foundational Literacy & Numeracy (FLN), digital access, and higher education reforms. However, federal disagreements, infrastructure gaps, and regulatory delays remain key challenges. With strategic investment, inter-governmental coordination, and innovation, NEP’s goals of a flexible, inclusive, and future-ready education ecosystem can be achieved. 

Drishti Mains Question:

What are the key features of National Education Policy (NEP 2020). Critically analyze the impact of NEP 2020 on federalism. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Mains

Q. National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (2020)



Polavaram- Banakacherla Project Dispute

02-08-2025

For Prelims: Krishna-Godavari water-sharing issues, Inter-State River Water Disputes, Sarkaria Commission 

For Mains: Inter State Relations, Inter-State River Water Disputes, issues related to Sharing of water Resources. 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Central Government has decided to constitute a high-level committee to resolve the conflict between Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Telangana over the proposed Polavaram–Banakacherla Link Project (PBLP) and other Krishna-Godavari water-sharing issues. 

What is Polavaram-Banakacherla Link Project? 

Polavaram-Banakacherla Link Project: 

Key Challenges Related to the Project 

Polavaram-Banakacherla Link Project

What is the Mechanism for Inter-State River Water Disputes Resolution in India? 

What are the Key Issues Related to Inter-State Water Disputes? 

What Measures Should be Taken to Effectively Resolve Inter-State Water Disputes? 

Inter-State River Water Disputes

Drishti Mains Question:

Despite constitutional provisions and institutional mechanisms, inter-state river water disputes continue to persist in India. Discuss the limitations of the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956 and suggest reforms. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains:

Q. Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. (2013)



India's Resolution on the 'Wise Use of Wetlands' Adopted at Ramsar COP15

02-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India’s resolution on the ‘‘Promoting Sustainable Lifestyles for the Wise Use of Wetlands’’ was adopted at the 15th Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP15) to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, held at  Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. 

What is India’s Resolution on the Wise Use of Wetlands? 

Wise Use of Wetlands 

What are the Key Outcomes of Ramsar COP15? 

Ramsar_Convention

Drishti Mains Question:

The concept of ‘wise use’ of wetlands is central to the Ramsar Convention. Examine India’s approach towards ensuring the wise use of wetlands.

Read more: Global Wetland Outlook 2025 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims 

Q. “If rainforests and tropical forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely wetlands function as its kidneys.” Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement? (2022)

a. The water cycle in wetlands involves surface runoff, subsoil percolation and evaporation. 

b. Algae form the nutrient base upon which fish, crustaceans, molluscs, birds, reptiles and mammals thrive. 

c. Wetlands play a vital role in maintaining sedimentation balance and Soil stabilization. 

d. Aquatic plants absorb heavy metals and excess nutrients.

Ans: (d)

Q. If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?(2014) 

(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference    

(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity  within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland    

(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed    

(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’   

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the context of wetland conservation.Cite two Examples of Ramsar site from India. (2018)



Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025

02-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Key provisions of the Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 have come into force, aiming to enhance banking governance, improve audit transparency, strengthen depositor protection, and bring cooperative banks under a more robust regulatory framework. 

What is Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025? 

Read more:

 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments. 
  2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. 
  3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment in 1966. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements are correct? (2022)

  1. The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. 
  2. BBB recommends for the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. 
  3. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks in developing strategies and capital raising plans. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)



India’s manufacturing sector shows momentum but faces persistent bottlenecks

01-10-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

Climate Activist Sonam Wangchuk was detained under the National Security Act (NSA), 1980, which allows the government to act pre-emptively against individuals considered a threat to public order or national security.

What is Preventive Detention?

What is the National Security Act,1980?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is preventive detention under Indian law?

Holding a person to prevent potential threats to public order, security, or essential supplies, not as punishment.

2. Which constitutional provision governs preventive detention in India?

Article 22 permits preventive detention, allowing up to 3 months without Advisory Board approval and longer detention with review by an Advisory Board of High Court judges.

3. What is the National Security Act,1980?

The NSA is a preventive detention law that allows authorities to detain individuals to protect India’s security, public order, and essential supplies.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements:

  1. According to the Constitution of India, the Central Government has a duty to protect States from internal disturbances.
  2. The Constitution of India exempts the States from providing legal counsel to a person being held under preventive detention.
  3. According to the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), 2002, a confession made by the accused to the police cannot be used as evidence.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) All three

(d) None

Ans: B 



Empowering Women in Agriculture

01-10-2025

For Prelims: Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana, Kisan Credit Cards, Tea, Coffee, Gram Panchayats, Cooperatives, Farmer Producer Organizations, BHASHINI, Digital Sakhi, e-NAM.

For Mains: Status of Feminisation of Indian Agriculture, Challenges in Women's Agricultural Empowerment, Systemic Barriers to Women's Progress, Government Initiatives for Women Farmers, Strategies for Future Empowerment.

Source: TH

Why in News?

As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023-24, women’s participation in agriculture has increased significantly, however, nearly half of them continue to remain unpaid, reflecting deep-rooted gender disparities in farm employment.

What is the Status of Women in Agriculture Across India?

What Factors are Leading to Feminisation of Agriculture in India?

What are the Systemic Barriers Limiting Women’s Progress in Agriculture?

Mnemonic: WOMEN

Systemic_Barriers_for_Women_in_Agriculture

What Measures can Effectively Ensure the Empowerment of Women Farmers in India?

Mnemonic: GROW 

Conclusion

To harness the potential of feminising agriculture, India must transition from recognizing women's labor to empowering them as economic agents. This requires dismantling systemic barriers like land rights denial and wage gaps, while actively promoting their access to technology, markets, and decision-making roles for inclusive growth.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. "The feminisation of agriculture in India has reinforced existing inequities rather than empowering women." Critically examine this statement and suggest measures for a gender-inclusive agricultural growth model.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Feminisation of Agriculture?

Ans: The feminisation of agriculture refers to the increasing participation of women in agricultural labor due to the migration of men to non-farm jobs.

2. What is the current share of women in India’s agricultural workforce?

Ans: Women now constitute over 42% of India’s agricultural workforce, marking a 135% increase in the past decade.

3. Which factors are driving the feminisation of agriculture in India?

Ans: Male out-migration, growth of contract farming, patriarchal norms, and limited non-farm opportunities for women are key drivers.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims: 

Q. With reference to the circumstances in Indian agriculture, the concept of “Conservation Agriculture” assumes significance. Which of the following fall under the Conservation Agriculture? (2018)

  1. Avoiding the monoculture practices 
  2. Adopting minimum tillage. 
  3. Avoiding the cultivation of plantation crops 
  4. Using crop residues to cover soil surface 
  5. Adopting spatial and temporal crop sequencing/crop rotations 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 3 and 4 

(b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 

(c) 2, 4 and 5  

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 5 

Ans: (c)


Mains: 

Q. Discuss the various economic and socio-cultural forces that are driving increasing feminization of agriculture in India. (2014)



Wassenaar Arrangement

01-10-2025

For Prelims: Wassenaar Arrangement,  No Money for Terrorism, Nuclear Suppliers Group, Non-Proliferation Treaty

For Mains: Wassenaar Arrangement, Multilateral Export Control Regimes and Global Security, Challenges of Regulating Digital Technologies and Cloud Services

Source:TH

Why in News? 

Protests erupted against Microsoft after allegations that its Azure cloud services were used to support Israeli military operations in Palestine, causing civilian harm and raising concerns over loopholes in the Wassenaar Arrangement’s export control framework.

What is Wassenaar Arrangement?

India and Wassenaar Arrangement

Wassenaar _Arrangement

What are the Challenges facing the Wassenaar Arrangement?

What Measures can Strengthen the Wassenaar Arrangement?

Conclusion

The Wassenaar Arrangement, while foundational for global export controls, struggles to keep pace with rapidly evolving cloud and digital technologies. Strengthening the regime with binding rules, agile oversight, and end-use controls is essential to prevent misuse and safeguard human rights.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Evaluate the role of the Wassenaar Arrangement in promoting global security and non-proliferation. How has its relevance evolved in the digital and cloud era?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Wassenaar Arrangement?

  A 1996 multilateral regime controlling conventional arms and dual-use technologies to enhance global security.

2. Which lists are maintained under the Wassenaar Arrangement?

Munitions List (tanks, aircraft, small arms) and Dual-Use List (civilian/military tech).

3. Why is the Wassenaar Arrangement’s relevance challenged today?

It struggles with cloud, AI, and digital surveillance technologies, has a voluntary consensus-based framework, inconsistent national implementation, and limited human rights considerations.

4. What reforms can strengthen the Wassenaar Arrangement?

Expand scope to digital/cloud tech, redefine “export,” introduce binding rules, enforce real-time watchlists, integrate human rights and risk-based licensing.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims 

Q. Recently the USA decided to support India’s membership in multi-lateral export control regimes called the “Australia Group” and the “Wassenaar Arrangements”. What is the difference between them ? (2011)

1. The Australia Group is an informal arrangement which aims to allow exporting countries to minimize the risk of assisting chemical and biological weapons proliferation, whereas the Wassenaar Arrangement is a formal group under the OECD holding identical objectives.

2. The Australia Group comprises predominantly Asian, African and Page 9 North American countries, whereas the member countries of Wassenaar Arrangement are predominantly from the European Union and American continents.

Which of the statements given above is/ correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)


Q. In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under “IAEA safeguards” while others are not? (2020)

(a) Some use uranium and others use thorium 

(b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies 

(c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises 

(d) Some are State-owned and others are privately owned 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)



International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

01-10-2025

Source: PIB

India has been re-elected to the Part II of the Council of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for the 2025–2028 term. 

India and ICAO

Read more: International Civil Aviation Organisation



India-EFTA Free Trade Agreement

01-10-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

India’s Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the EFTA bloc - comprising Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein, has come into effect, marking a significant step in strengthening trade and investment ties. The agreement reflects India’s growing role in global value chains and its strategy to expand market access while attracting foreign investment. 

What is India-EFTA FTA? 

What are Free Trade Agreements?

What Measures can India Adopt to Strengthen its Position in Global Trade?

Conclusion

The India–EFTA FTA marks a significant step in strengthening India’s global trade ties, boosting exports, attracting investments, and promoting economic integration, while also requiring careful management of domestic industry challenges and strategic trade diversification.

Read More: Reviewing Free Trade Agreements

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following countries:

  1. Australia
  2. Canada
  3. China
  4. India
  5. Japan
  6. USA

Which of the above are among the ‘free-trade partners’ of ASEAN?

Options:
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5
(b) 3, 4, 5 and 6
(c) 1, 3, 4 and 5
(d) 2, 3, 4 and 6

Answer: (c) 1, 3, 4 and 5


Mains

Q. Critically evaluate the impact of Free Trade Agreements on India’s trade balance and industrial competitiveness. (2019)



Payments Regulatory Board (PRB)

01-10-2025

Source: IE

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has established a six-member Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) to enhance oversight and governance of the country’s payment systems.

Regulation of Payment Systems in India

Read More: Unified Payments Interface (UPI)



Exercise Bright Star 2025

01-09-2025

Source: PIB

Indian Armed Forces personnel are participating in the 19th edition of Exercise Bright Star 2025, which is being held in Egypt.

Other Key Multilateral Military Exercises Involving India: 

Exercise Name

Hosting/Lead Countries (Along with India)

Malabar (Naval)

US, Japan, Australia

MILAN (Naval)

Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and several others

RIMPAC (Naval)

US, Australia, Canada, Japan, India and several others

IBSAMAR (Naval)

Brazil & South Africa

Read More: Major Military Exercises of India 




NHAI Sustainability Report 2023-24

01-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) released its second Sustainability Report for FY 2023–24, detailing significant achievements in integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles into its operations.  

What are the Major Environmental Sustainability Initiatives Undertaken by NHAI? 

How Infrastructure Development can be Synergised with Environmental Sustainability?  

National Highways Authority of India 

Conclusion 

NHAI’s Sustainability Report reflects a strategic shift from "build fast" to "build green", integrating climate consciousness with infrastructure expansion. India must walk the path of 'concrete with conscience', where every highway, bridge, or port is not just an economic asset but also an ecological responsibility. 

Related Keywords for Mains:  

Drishti Mains Question: 

"Infrastructure development is often seen as a trade-off with environmental sustainability. In the Indian context, how can sustainable infrastructure be achieved without compromising the needs of economic growth and ecological preservation?"

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. “Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.” Discuss in the light of India’s experience. (2021)



Central Empowered Committee Report on CAMPA

01-08-2025

For Prelims:  Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAF) Act, 2016, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Comptroller and Auditor General of India 

For Mains: CEC Report on CAMPA, About CAMPA, Challenges Related to its Implementations and Way Forward 

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Supreme Court-mandated Central Empowered Committee (CEC) assessed India's compensatory afforestation initiatives, finding that while 85% of the target has been met, only 67.5% of the  CAMPA funds have been utilized.

CAMPA Fund

What is Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)? 

What are the Key Challenges in Implementation of CAF Act, 2016? 

What Measures Can be Taken to Strengthen CAMPA? 

Drishti Mains Question:

What is the role of the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) in India’s forest governance? Critically examine its effectiveness in achieving environmental and developmental balance.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exists at both National and State levels. 
  2. People’s participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation programmes carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (a)



Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025

01-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has notified the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025 under the Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986.  

What are the Key Provisions of the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025? 

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

 

UPSC Civil Services Exam, Previous Year Questions (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to: 

  1. State the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought. 
  2. Lay down the standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)



India's First Mobile E-Voting in Bihar

01-07-2025

Source: TH 

Bihar became the first Indian state to pilot mobile phone-based e-voting in municipal elections using the E-SECBHR app developed by C-DAC. The initiative aimed to improve voting access for senior citizens, pregnant women, and persons with disabilities 

Recent ECI Electoral Reforms & Privacy Safeguards 

Electoral_Reforms

Read More: Electoral Reforms in India 


India's Air Pollution Crisis

01-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A recent study revealed that secondary pollutants, particularly ammonium sulphate (sulphur dioxide (SO₂) + ammonia (NH₃)), contribute to nearly one-third of India’s PM2.5 pollution highlighting the urgent need for air pollution controls. 

What are Key Facts Regarding Air Pollution? 

Air_Pollutants 

What is Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)? 

Flue_Gas_Desulphurisation

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims

Q. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (2020) 

  1. Automobile exhaust  
  2. Tobacco smoke  
  3. Wood burning  
  4. Using varnished wooden furniture  
  5. Using products made of polyurethane  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:   

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only    

(b) 2 and 4 only   

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5   

Ans: (a)  

Q. In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation techniques? (2017) 

  1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 
  2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. 
  3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only   

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)



10 Years of Digital India

01-07-2025

For Prelims: Digital India, Financial Inclusion, Digital Infrastructure, Optical Fibre, UPI, Aadhaar, Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), Government e-Marketplace (GeM), IndiaAI Mission (2024–29), India Semiconductor Mission, Karmayogi Bharat, iGOT, DigiLocker, UMANG App, BHASHINI, Common Service Centres, BharatNet, Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, Cyber Surakshit Bharat, Skill India, PMGDISHA.       

For Mains: Performance of Digital India,  Key Issues Associated with Digital India and further measures needed to strengthen Digital India. 

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

On 1st July 2025, India celebrated 10 years of Digital India, a flagship initiative launched in 2015 to bridge the digital divide and empower citizens through technology 

What are Achievements of Digital India Since its Launch? 

What is the Digital India Initiative?  

Digital_India_Initiative_Pillars 

Key_Milestones_Digital_India 

What are the Key Issues Associated with the Digital India Initiative? 

What Measures can be Adopted to Further Strengthen the Digital India Initiative? 

Conclusion 

In its 10-year journey, Digital India has revolutionised service delivery, economic empowerment, and citizen participation. However, challenges like the digital divide, cybersecurity, and data privacy persist. With strategic reforms, inclusive infrastructure, and robust regulation, Digital India can become the cornerstone of Viksit Bharat, enabling equitable and sustainable digital growth. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Digital India has bridged technological gaps but faces persistent challenges. Critically analyze this statement with reference to India’s digital transformation (2015–2025).

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following: (2022)

  1. Aarogya Setu 
  2. CoWIN 
  3. DigiLocker 
  4. DIKSHA 

Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d)  

Q. Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018)

  1. Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. 
  2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries. 
  3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Regarding ‘DigiLocker’, sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. It is a digital locker system offered by the Government under Digital India Programme. 
  2. It allows you to access your e-documents irrespective of your physical location. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (2020)

Q. How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regard? (2015).